diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt index 3b64aed..96d9d05 100644 --- a/CMakeLists.txt +++ b/CMakeLists.txt @@ -1,3 +1,21 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1) -project(lua C) -add_subdirectory(lua-5.3.3) +project(lua LANGUAGES C VERSION 5.4.0) + +option(LUA_SUPPORT_DL "Support dynamic loading of compiled modules" OFF) + +if(${PROJECT_NAME} STREQUAL ${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}) + set(TOP_LEVEL TRUE) +else() + set(TOP_LEVEL FALSE) +endif() + +if(TOP_LEVEL) + option(LUA_BUILD_BINARY "Build lua binary" ON) + option(LUA_BUILD_COMPILER "Build luac compiler" ON) +else() + option(LUA_BUILD_BINARY "Build lua binary" OFF) + option(LUA_BUILD_COMPILER "Build luac compiler" ON) +endif() + + +add_subdirectory(lua-5.4.0) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index d5c733e..de4e818 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,7 +1,9 @@ # Lua -CMake based build of Lua 5.3.3 +CMake based build of Lua 5.4.0 # Usage Inside of CMakeLists.txt -`add_subdirectory(lua)` -`.....` -`target_link_libraries( lua_static)` +```cmake +add_subdirectory(lua) +... +target_link_libraries( lua_static) +``` diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/CMakeLists.txt b/lua-5.3.3/CMakeLists.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 494e648..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/CMakeLists.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -set(LUA_LIB_SRCS - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lapi.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lcode.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lctype.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ldebug.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ldo.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ldump.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lfunc.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lgc.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/llex.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lmem.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lobject.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lopcodes.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lparser.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lstate.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lstring.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ltable.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ltm.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lundump.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lvm.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lzio.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lauxlib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lbaselib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lbitlib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lcorolib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ldblib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/liolib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lmathlib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/loslib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lstrlib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ltablib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lutf8lib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/loadlib.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/linit.c - ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/luac.c) -set(LUA_LIB_INCLUDE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src) -add_library(lua_static STATIC ${LUA_LIB_SRCS}) -target_include_directories(lua_static PUBLIC ${LUA_LIB_INCLUDE}) -set(LUA_DEFINITIONS LUA_USE_POSIX) -if(EMSCRIPTEN) - unset(LUA_DEFINITIONS) -endif() -target_compile_definitions(lua_static PUBLIC ${LUA_DEFINITIONS}) diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/logo.gif b/lua-5.3.3/doc/logo.gif deleted file mode 100644 index 2f5e4ac..0000000 Binary files a/lua-5.3.3/doc/logo.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/lua.1 b/lua-5.3.3/doc/lua.1 deleted file mode 100644 index 411531b..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/doc/lua.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,111 +0,0 @@ -.TH LUA 1 "$Date: 2014/12/10 15:55:45 $" -.SH NAME -lua \- Lua interpreter -.SH SYNOPSIS -.B lua -[ -.I options -] -[ -.I script -[ -.I args -] -] -.SH DESCRIPTION -.B lua -is the standalone Lua interpreter. -It loads and executes Lua programs, -either in textual source form or -in precompiled binary form. -(Precompiled binaries are output by -.BR luac , -the Lua compiler.) -.B lua -can be used as a batch interpreter and also interactively. -.LP -The given -.I options -are handled in order and then -the Lua program in file -.I script -is loaded and executed. -The given -.I args -are available to -.I script -as strings in a global table named -.BR arg . -If no options or arguments are given, -then -.B "\-v \-i" -is assumed when the standard input is a terminal; -otherwise, -.B "\-" -is assumed. -.LP -In interactive mode, -.B lua -prompts the user, -reads lines from the standard input, -and executes them as they are read. -If the line contains an expression or list of expressions, -then the line is evaluated and the results are printed. -If a line does not contain a complete statement, -then a secondary prompt is displayed and -lines are read until a complete statement is formed or -a syntax error is found. -.LP -At the very start, -before even handling the command line, -.B lua -checks the contents of the environment variables -.B LUA_INIT_5_3 -or -.BR LUA_INIT , -in that order. -If the contents is of the form -.RI '@ filename ', -then -.I filename -is executed. -Otherwise, the string is assumed to be a Lua statement and is executed. -.SH OPTIONS -.TP -.BI \-e " stat" -execute statement -.IR stat . -.TP -.B \-i -enter interactive mode after executing -.IR script . -.TP -.BI \-l " name" -execute the equivalent of -.IB name =require(' name ') -before executing -.IR script . -.TP -.B \-v -show version information. -.TP -.B \-E -ignore environment variables. -.TP -.B \-\- -stop handling options. -.TP -.B \- -stop handling options and execute the standard input as a file. -.SH "SEE ALSO" -.BR luac (1) -.br -The documentation at lua.org, -especially section 7 of the reference manual. -.SH DIAGNOSTICS -Error messages should be self explanatory. -.SH AUTHORS -R. Ierusalimschy, -L. H. de Figueiredo, -W. Celes -.\" EOF diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lapi.h b/lua-5.3.3/src/lapi.h deleted file mode 100644 index 6d36dee..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lapi.h +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lapi.h,v 2.9 2015/03/06 19:49:50 roberto Exp $ -** Auxiliary functions from Lua API -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#ifndef lapi_h -#define lapi_h - - -#include "llimits.h" -#include "lstate.h" - -#define api_incr_top(L) {L->top++; api_check(L, L->top <= L->ci->top, \ - "stack overflow");} - -#define adjustresults(L,nres) \ - { if ((nres) == LUA_MULTRET && L->ci->top < L->top) L->ci->top = L->top; } - -#define api_checknelems(L,n) api_check(L, (n) < (L->top - L->ci->func), \ - "not enough elements in the stack") - - -#endif diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lbitlib.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lbitlib.c deleted file mode 100644 index 1cb1d5b..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lbitlib.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,233 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lbitlib.c,v 1.30 2015/11/11 19:08:09 roberto Exp $ -** Standard library for bitwise operations -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lbitlib_c -#define LUA_LIB - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "lauxlib.h" -#include "lualib.h" - - -#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_BITLIB) /* { */ - - -#define pushunsigned(L,n) lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)(n)) -#define checkunsigned(L,i) ((lua_Unsigned)luaL_checkinteger(L,i)) - - -/* number of bits to consider in a number */ -#if !defined(LUA_NBITS) -#define LUA_NBITS 32 -#endif - - -/* -** a lua_Unsigned with its first LUA_NBITS bits equal to 1. (Shift must -** be made in two parts to avoid problems when LUA_NBITS is equal to the -** number of bits in a lua_Unsigned.) -*/ -#define ALLONES (~(((~(lua_Unsigned)0) << (LUA_NBITS - 1)) << 1)) - - -/* macro to trim extra bits */ -#define trim(x) ((x) & ALLONES) - - -/* builds a number with 'n' ones (1 <= n <= LUA_NBITS) */ -#define mask(n) (~((ALLONES << 1) << ((n) - 1))) - - - -static lua_Unsigned andaux (lua_State *L) { - int i, n = lua_gettop(L); - lua_Unsigned r = ~(lua_Unsigned)0; - for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) - r &= checkunsigned(L, i); - return trim(r); -} - - -static int b_and (lua_State *L) { - lua_Unsigned r = andaux(L); - pushunsigned(L, r); - return 1; -} - - -static int b_test (lua_State *L) { - lua_Unsigned r = andaux(L); - lua_pushboolean(L, r != 0); - return 1; -} - - -static int b_or (lua_State *L) { - int i, n = lua_gettop(L); - lua_Unsigned r = 0; - for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) - r |= checkunsigned(L, i); - pushunsigned(L, trim(r)); - return 1; -} - - -static int b_xor (lua_State *L) { - int i, n = lua_gettop(L); - lua_Unsigned r = 0; - for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) - r ^= checkunsigned(L, i); - pushunsigned(L, trim(r)); - return 1; -} - - -static int b_not (lua_State *L) { - lua_Unsigned r = ~checkunsigned(L, 1); - pushunsigned(L, trim(r)); - return 1; -} - - -static int b_shift (lua_State *L, lua_Unsigned r, lua_Integer i) { - if (i < 0) { /* shift right? */ - i = -i; - r = trim(r); - if (i >= LUA_NBITS) r = 0; - else r >>= i; - } - else { /* shift left */ - if (i >= LUA_NBITS) r = 0; - else r <<= i; - r = trim(r); - } - pushunsigned(L, r); - return 1; -} - - -static int b_lshift (lua_State *L) { - return b_shift(L, checkunsigned(L, 1), luaL_checkinteger(L, 2)); -} - - -static int b_rshift (lua_State *L) { - return b_shift(L, checkunsigned(L, 1), -luaL_checkinteger(L, 2)); -} - - -static int b_arshift (lua_State *L) { - lua_Unsigned r = checkunsigned(L, 1); - lua_Integer i = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2); - if (i < 0 || !(r & ((lua_Unsigned)1 << (LUA_NBITS - 1)))) - return b_shift(L, r, -i); - else { /* arithmetic shift for 'negative' number */ - if (i >= LUA_NBITS) r = ALLONES; - else - r = trim((r >> i) | ~(trim(~(lua_Unsigned)0) >> i)); /* add signal bit */ - pushunsigned(L, r); - return 1; - } -} - - -static int b_rot (lua_State *L, lua_Integer d) { - lua_Unsigned r = checkunsigned(L, 1); - int i = d & (LUA_NBITS - 1); /* i = d % NBITS */ - r = trim(r); - if (i != 0) /* avoid undefined shift of LUA_NBITS when i == 0 */ - r = (r << i) | (r >> (LUA_NBITS - i)); - pushunsigned(L, trim(r)); - return 1; -} - - -static int b_lrot (lua_State *L) { - return b_rot(L, luaL_checkinteger(L, 2)); -} - - -static int b_rrot (lua_State *L) { - return b_rot(L, -luaL_checkinteger(L, 2)); -} - - -/* -** get field and width arguments for field-manipulation functions, -** checking whether they are valid. -** ('luaL_error' called without 'return' to avoid later warnings about -** 'width' being used uninitialized.) -*/ -static int fieldargs (lua_State *L, int farg, int *width) { - lua_Integer f = luaL_checkinteger(L, farg); - lua_Integer w = luaL_optinteger(L, farg + 1, 1); - luaL_argcheck(L, 0 <= f, farg, "field cannot be negative"); - luaL_argcheck(L, 0 < w, farg + 1, "width must be positive"); - if (f + w > LUA_NBITS) - luaL_error(L, "trying to access non-existent bits"); - *width = (int)w; - return (int)f; -} - - -static int b_extract (lua_State *L) { - int w; - lua_Unsigned r = trim(checkunsigned(L, 1)); - int f = fieldargs(L, 2, &w); - r = (r >> f) & mask(w); - pushunsigned(L, r); - return 1; -} - - -static int b_replace (lua_State *L) { - int w; - lua_Unsigned r = trim(checkunsigned(L, 1)); - lua_Unsigned v = trim(checkunsigned(L, 2)); - int f = fieldargs(L, 3, &w); - lua_Unsigned m = mask(w); - r = (r & ~(m << f)) | ((v & m) << f); - pushunsigned(L, r); - return 1; -} - - -static const luaL_Reg bitlib[] = { - {"arshift", b_arshift}, - {"band", b_and}, - {"bnot", b_not}, - {"bor", b_or}, - {"bxor", b_xor}, - {"btest", b_test}, - {"extract", b_extract}, - {"lrotate", b_lrot}, - {"lshift", b_lshift}, - {"replace", b_replace}, - {"rrotate", b_rrot}, - {"rshift", b_rshift}, - {NULL, NULL} -}; - - - -LUAMOD_API int luaopen_bit32 (lua_State *L) { - luaL_newlib(L, bitlib); - return 1; -} - - -#else /* }{ */ - - -LUAMOD_API int luaopen_bit32 (lua_State *L) { - return luaL_error(L, "library 'bit32' has been deprecated"); -} - -#endif /* } */ diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lcode.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lcode.c deleted file mode 100644 index 2cd0dd2..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lcode.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1199 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lcode.c,v 2.109 2016/05/13 19:09:21 roberto Exp $ -** Code generator for Lua -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lcode_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "lcode.h" -#include "ldebug.h" -#include "ldo.h" -#include "lgc.h" -#include "llex.h" -#include "lmem.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lopcodes.h" -#include "lparser.h" -#include "lstring.h" -#include "ltable.h" -#include "lvm.h" - - -/* Maximum number of registers in a Lua function (must fit in 8 bits) */ -#define MAXREGS 255 - - -#define hasjumps(e) ((e)->t != (e)->f) - - -/* -** If expression is a numeric constant, fills 'v' with its value -** and returns 1. Otherwise, returns 0. -*/ -static int tonumeral(expdesc *e, TValue *v) { - if (hasjumps(e)) - return 0; /* not a numeral */ - switch (e->k) { - case VKINT: - if (v) setivalue(v, e->u.ival); - return 1; - case VKFLT: - if (v) setfltvalue(v, e->u.nval); - return 1; - default: return 0; - } -} - - -/* -** Create a OP_LOADNIL instruction, but try to optimize: if the previous -** instruction is also OP_LOADNIL and ranges are compatible, adjust -** range of previous instruction instead of emitting a new one. (For -** instance, 'local a; local b' will generate a single opcode.) -*/ -void luaK_nil (FuncState *fs, int from, int n) { - Instruction *previous; - int l = from + n - 1; /* last register to set nil */ - if (fs->pc > fs->lasttarget) { /* no jumps to current position? */ - previous = &fs->f->code[fs->pc-1]; - if (GET_OPCODE(*previous) == OP_LOADNIL) { /* previous is LOADNIL? */ - int pfrom = GETARG_A(*previous); /* get previous range */ - int pl = pfrom + GETARG_B(*previous); - if ((pfrom <= from && from <= pl + 1) || - (from <= pfrom && pfrom <= l + 1)) { /* can connect both? */ - if (pfrom < from) from = pfrom; /* from = min(from, pfrom) */ - if (pl > l) l = pl; /* l = max(l, pl) */ - SETARG_A(*previous, from); - SETARG_B(*previous, l - from); - return; - } - } /* else go through */ - } - luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADNIL, from, n - 1, 0); /* else no optimization */ -} - - -/* -** Gets the destination address of a jump instruction. Used to traverse -** a list of jumps. -*/ -static int getjump (FuncState *fs, int pc) { - int offset = GETARG_sBx(fs->f->code[pc]); - if (offset == NO_JUMP) /* point to itself represents end of list */ - return NO_JUMP; /* end of list */ - else - return (pc+1)+offset; /* turn offset into absolute position */ -} - - -/* -** Fix jump instruction at position 'pc' to jump to 'dest'. -** (Jump addresses are relative in Lua) -*/ -static void fixjump (FuncState *fs, int pc, int dest) { - Instruction *jmp = &fs->f->code[pc]; - int offset = dest - (pc + 1); - lua_assert(dest != NO_JUMP); - if (abs(offset) > MAXARG_sBx) - luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "control structure too long"); - SETARG_sBx(*jmp, offset); -} - - -/* -** Concatenate jump-list 'l2' into jump-list 'l1' -*/ -void luaK_concat (FuncState *fs, int *l1, int l2) { - if (l2 == NO_JUMP) return; /* nothing to concatenate? */ - else if (*l1 == NO_JUMP) /* no original list? */ - *l1 = l2; /* 'l1' points to 'l2' */ - else { - int list = *l1; - int next; - while ((next = getjump(fs, list)) != NO_JUMP) /* find last element */ - list = next; - fixjump(fs, list, l2); /* last element links to 'l2' */ - } -} - - -/* -** Create a jump instruction and return its position, so its destination -** can be fixed later (with 'fixjump'). If there are jumps to -** this position (kept in 'jpc'), link them all together so that -** 'patchlistaux' will fix all them directly to the final destination. -*/ -int luaK_jump (FuncState *fs) { - int jpc = fs->jpc; /* save list of jumps to here */ - int j; - fs->jpc = NO_JUMP; /* no more jumps to here */ - j = luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_JMP, 0, NO_JUMP); - luaK_concat(fs, &j, jpc); /* keep them on hold */ - return j; -} - - -/* -** Code a 'return' instruction -*/ -void luaK_ret (FuncState *fs, int first, int nret) { - luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_RETURN, first, nret+1, 0); -} - - -/* -** Code a "conditional jump", that is, a test or comparison opcode -** followed by a jump. Return jump position. -*/ -static int condjump (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, int A, int B, int C) { - luaK_codeABC(fs, op, A, B, C); - return luaK_jump(fs); -} - - -/* -** returns current 'pc' and marks it as a jump target (to avoid wrong -** optimizations with consecutive instructions not in the same basic block). -*/ -int luaK_getlabel (FuncState *fs) { - fs->lasttarget = fs->pc; - return fs->pc; -} - - -/* -** Returns the position of the instruction "controlling" a given -** jump (that is, its condition), or the jump itself if it is -** unconditional. -*/ -static Instruction *getjumpcontrol (FuncState *fs, int pc) { - Instruction *pi = &fs->f->code[pc]; - if (pc >= 1 && testTMode(GET_OPCODE(*(pi-1)))) - return pi-1; - else - return pi; -} - - -/* -** Patch destination register for a TESTSET instruction. -** If instruction in position 'node' is not a TESTSET, return 0 ("fails"). -** Otherwise, if 'reg' is not 'NO_REG', set it as the destination -** register. Otherwise, change instruction to a simple 'TEST' (produces -** no register value) -*/ -static int patchtestreg (FuncState *fs, int node, int reg) { - Instruction *i = getjumpcontrol(fs, node); - if (GET_OPCODE(*i) != OP_TESTSET) - return 0; /* cannot patch other instructions */ - if (reg != NO_REG && reg != GETARG_B(*i)) - SETARG_A(*i, reg); - else { - /* no register to put value or register already has the value; - change instruction to simple test */ - *i = CREATE_ABC(OP_TEST, GETARG_B(*i), 0, GETARG_C(*i)); - } - return 1; -} - - -/* -** Traverse a list of tests ensuring no one produces a value -*/ -static void removevalues (FuncState *fs, int list) { - for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list)) - patchtestreg(fs, list, NO_REG); -} - - -/* -** Traverse a list of tests, patching their destination address and -** registers: tests producing values jump to 'vtarget' (and put their -** values in 'reg'), other tests jump to 'dtarget'. -*/ -static void patchlistaux (FuncState *fs, int list, int vtarget, int reg, - int dtarget) { - while (list != NO_JUMP) { - int next = getjump(fs, list); - if (patchtestreg(fs, list, reg)) - fixjump(fs, list, vtarget); - else - fixjump(fs, list, dtarget); /* jump to default target */ - list = next; - } -} - - -/* -** Ensure all pending jumps to current position are fixed (jumping -** to current position with no values) and reset list of pending -** jumps -*/ -static void dischargejpc (FuncState *fs) { - patchlistaux(fs, fs->jpc, fs->pc, NO_REG, fs->pc); - fs->jpc = NO_JUMP; -} - - -/* -** Add elements in 'list' to list of pending jumps to "here" -** (current position) -*/ -void luaK_patchtohere (FuncState *fs, int list) { - luaK_getlabel(fs); /* mark "here" as a jump target */ - luaK_concat(fs, &fs->jpc, list); -} - - -/* -** Path all jumps in 'list' to jump to 'target'. -** (The assert means that we cannot fix a jump to a forward address -** because we only know addresses once code is generated.) -*/ -void luaK_patchlist (FuncState *fs, int list, int target) { - if (target == fs->pc) /* 'target' is current position? */ - luaK_patchtohere(fs, list); /* add list to pending jumps */ - else { - lua_assert(target < fs->pc); - patchlistaux(fs, list, target, NO_REG, target); - } -} - - -/* -** Path all jumps in 'list' to close upvalues up to given 'level' -** (The assertion checks that jumps either were closing nothing -** or were closing higher levels, from inner blocks.) -*/ -void luaK_patchclose (FuncState *fs, int list, int level) { - level++; /* argument is +1 to reserve 0 as non-op */ - for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list)) { - lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(fs->f->code[list]) == OP_JMP && - (GETARG_A(fs->f->code[list]) == 0 || - GETARG_A(fs->f->code[list]) >= level)); - SETARG_A(fs->f->code[list], level); - } -} - - -/* -** Emit instruction 'i', checking for array sizes and saving also its -** line information. Return 'i' position. -*/ -static int luaK_code (FuncState *fs, Instruction i) { - Proto *f = fs->f; - dischargejpc(fs); /* 'pc' will change */ - /* put new instruction in code array */ - luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->code, fs->pc, f->sizecode, Instruction, - MAX_INT, "opcodes"); - f->code[fs->pc] = i; - /* save corresponding line information */ - luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->lineinfo, fs->pc, f->sizelineinfo, int, - MAX_INT, "opcodes"); - f->lineinfo[fs->pc] = fs->ls->lastline; - return fs->pc++; -} - - -/* -** Format and emit an 'iABC' instruction. (Assertions check consistency -** of parameters versus opcode.) -*/ -int luaK_codeABC (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, int b, int c) { - lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iABC); - lua_assert(getBMode(o) != OpArgN || b == 0); - lua_assert(getCMode(o) != OpArgN || c == 0); - lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_A && b <= MAXARG_B && c <= MAXARG_C); - return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABC(o, a, b, c)); -} - - -/* -** Format and emit an 'iABx' instruction. -*/ -int luaK_codeABx (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, unsigned int bc) { - lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iABx || getOpMode(o) == iAsBx); - lua_assert(getCMode(o) == OpArgN); - lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_A && bc <= MAXARG_Bx); - return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABx(o, a, bc)); -} - - -/* -** Emit an "extra argument" instruction (format 'iAx') -*/ -static int codeextraarg (FuncState *fs, int a) { - lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_Ax); - return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_Ax(OP_EXTRAARG, a)); -} - - -/* -** Emit a "load constant" instruction, using either 'OP_LOADK' -** (if constant index 'k' fits in 18 bits) or an 'OP_LOADKX' -** instruction with "extra argument". -*/ -int luaK_codek (FuncState *fs, int reg, int k) { - if (k <= MAXARG_Bx) - return luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADK, reg, k); - else { - int p = luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADKX, reg, 0); - codeextraarg(fs, k); - return p; - } -} - - -/* -** Check register-stack level, keeping track of its maximum size -** in field 'maxstacksize' -*/ -void luaK_checkstack (FuncState *fs, int n) { - int newstack = fs->freereg + n; - if (newstack > fs->f->maxstacksize) { - if (newstack >= MAXREGS) - luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, - "function or expression needs too many registers"); - fs->f->maxstacksize = cast_byte(newstack); - } -} - - -/* -** Reserve 'n' registers in register stack -*/ -void luaK_reserveregs (FuncState *fs, int n) { - luaK_checkstack(fs, n); - fs->freereg += n; -} - - -/* -** Free register 'reg', if it is neither a constant index nor -** a local variable. -) -*/ -static void freereg (FuncState *fs, int reg) { - if (!ISK(reg) && reg >= fs->nactvar) { - fs->freereg--; - lua_assert(reg == fs->freereg); - } -} - - -/* -** Free register used by expression 'e' (if any) -*/ -static void freeexp (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - if (e->k == VNONRELOC) - freereg(fs, e->u.info); -} - - -/* -** Free registers used by expressions 'e1' and 'e2' (if any) in proper -** order. -*/ -static void freeexps (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) { - int r1 = (e1->k == VNONRELOC) ? e1->u.info : -1; - int r2 = (e2->k == VNONRELOC) ? e2->u.info : -1; - if (r1 > r2) { - freereg(fs, r1); - freereg(fs, r2); - } - else { - freereg(fs, r2); - freereg(fs, r1); - } -} - - -/* -** Add constant 'v' to prototype's list of constants (field 'k'). -** Use scanner's table to cache position of constants in constant list -** and try to reuse constants. Because some values should not be used -** as keys (nil cannot be a key, integer keys can collapse with float -** keys), the caller must provide a useful 'key' for indexing the cache. -*/ -static int addk (FuncState *fs, TValue *key, TValue *v) { - lua_State *L = fs->ls->L; - Proto *f = fs->f; - TValue *idx = luaH_set(L, fs->ls->h, key); /* index scanner table */ - int k, oldsize; - if (ttisinteger(idx)) { /* is there an index there? */ - k = cast_int(ivalue(idx)); - /* correct value? (warning: must distinguish floats from integers!) */ - if (k < fs->nk && ttype(&f->k[k]) == ttype(v) && - luaV_rawequalobj(&f->k[k], v)) - return k; /* reuse index */ - } - /* constant not found; create a new entry */ - oldsize = f->sizek; - k = fs->nk; - /* numerical value does not need GC barrier; - table has no metatable, so it does not need to invalidate cache */ - setivalue(idx, k); - luaM_growvector(L, f->k, k, f->sizek, TValue, MAXARG_Ax, "constants"); - while (oldsize < f->sizek) setnilvalue(&f->k[oldsize++]); - setobj(L, &f->k[k], v); - fs->nk++; - luaC_barrier(L, f, v); - return k; -} - - -/* -** Add a string to list of constants and return its index. -*/ -int luaK_stringK (FuncState *fs, TString *s) { - TValue o; - setsvalue(fs->ls->L, &o, s); - return addk(fs, &o, &o); /* use string itself as key */ -} - - -/* -** Add an integer to list of constants and return its index. -** Integers use userdata as keys to avoid collision with floats with -** same value; conversion to 'void*' is used only for hashing, so there -** are no "precision" problems. -*/ -int luaK_intK (FuncState *fs, lua_Integer n) { - TValue k, o; - setpvalue(&k, cast(void*, cast(size_t, n))); - setivalue(&o, n); - return addk(fs, &k, &o); -} - -/* -** Add a float to list of constants and return its index. -*/ -static int luaK_numberK (FuncState *fs, lua_Number r) { - TValue o; - setfltvalue(&o, r); - return addk(fs, &o, &o); /* use number itself as key */ -} - - -/* -** Add a boolean to list of constants and return its index. -*/ -static int boolK (FuncState *fs, int b) { - TValue o; - setbvalue(&o, b); - return addk(fs, &o, &o); /* use boolean itself as key */ -} - - -/* -** Add nil to list of constants and return its index. -*/ -static int nilK (FuncState *fs) { - TValue k, v; - setnilvalue(&v); - /* cannot use nil as key; instead use table itself to represent nil */ - sethvalue(fs->ls->L, &k, fs->ls->h); - return addk(fs, &k, &v); -} - - -/* -** Fix an expression to return the number of results 'nresults'. -** Either 'e' is a multi-ret expression (function call or vararg) -** or 'nresults' is LUA_MULTRET (as any expression can satisfy that). -*/ -void luaK_setreturns (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int nresults) { - if (e->k == VCALL) { /* expression is an open function call? */ - SETARG_C(getinstruction(fs, e), nresults + 1); - } - else if (e->k == VVARARG) { - Instruction *pc = &getinstruction(fs, e); - SETARG_B(*pc, nresults + 1); - SETARG_A(*pc, fs->freereg); - luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1); - } - else lua_assert(nresults == LUA_MULTRET); -} - - -/* -** Fix an expression to return one result. -** If expression is not a multi-ret expression (function call or -** vararg), it already returns one result, so nothing needs to be done. -** Function calls become VNONRELOC expressions (as its result comes -** fixed in the base register of the call), while vararg expressions -** become VRELOCABLE (as OP_VARARG puts its results where it wants). -** (Calls are created returning one result, so that does not need -** to be fixed.) -*/ -void luaK_setoneret (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - if (e->k == VCALL) { /* expression is an open function call? */ - /* already returns 1 value */ - lua_assert(GETARG_C(getinstruction(fs, e)) == 2); - e->k = VNONRELOC; /* result has fixed position */ - e->u.info = GETARG_A(getinstruction(fs, e)); - } - else if (e->k == VVARARG) { - SETARG_B(getinstruction(fs, e), 2); - e->k = VRELOCABLE; /* can relocate its simple result */ - } -} - - -/* -** Ensure that expression 'e' is not a variable. -*/ -void luaK_dischargevars (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - switch (e->k) { - case VLOCAL: { /* already in a register */ - e->k = VNONRELOC; /* becomes a non-relocatable value */ - break; - } - case VUPVAL: { /* move value to some (pending) register */ - e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETUPVAL, 0, e->u.info, 0); - e->k = VRELOCABLE; - break; - } - case VINDEXED: { - OpCode op; - freereg(fs, e->u.ind.idx); - if (e->u.ind.vt == VLOCAL) { /* is 't' in a register? */ - freereg(fs, e->u.ind.t); - op = OP_GETTABLE; - } - else { - lua_assert(e->u.ind.vt == VUPVAL); - op = OP_GETTABUP; /* 't' is in an upvalue */ - } - e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, op, 0, e->u.ind.t, e->u.ind.idx); - e->k = VRELOCABLE; - break; - } - case VVARARG: case VCALL: { - luaK_setoneret(fs, e); - break; - } - default: break; /* there is one value available (somewhere) */ - } -} - - -/* -** Ensures expression value is in register 'reg' (and therefore -** 'e' will become a non-relocatable expression). -*/ -static void discharge2reg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int reg) { - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e); - switch (e->k) { - case VNIL: { - luaK_nil(fs, reg, 1); - break; - } - case VFALSE: case VTRUE: { - luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADBOOL, reg, e->k == VTRUE, 0); - break; - } - case VK: { - luaK_codek(fs, reg, e->u.info); - break; - } - case VKFLT: { - luaK_codek(fs, reg, luaK_numberK(fs, e->u.nval)); - break; - } - case VKINT: { - luaK_codek(fs, reg, luaK_intK(fs, e->u.ival)); - break; - } - case VRELOCABLE: { - Instruction *pc = &getinstruction(fs, e); - SETARG_A(*pc, reg); /* instruction will put result in 'reg' */ - break; - } - case VNONRELOC: { - if (reg != e->u.info) - luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_MOVE, reg, e->u.info, 0); - break; - } - default: { - lua_assert(e->k == VJMP); - return; /* nothing to do... */ - } - } - e->u.info = reg; - e->k = VNONRELOC; -} - - -/* -** Ensures expression value is in any register. -*/ -static void discharge2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - if (e->k != VNONRELOC) { /* no fixed register yet? */ - luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1); /* get a register */ - discharge2reg(fs, e, fs->freereg-1); /* put value there */ - } -} - - -static int code_loadbool (FuncState *fs, int A, int b, int jump) { - luaK_getlabel(fs); /* those instructions may be jump targets */ - return luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADBOOL, A, b, jump); -} - - -/* -** check whether list has any jump that do not produce a value -** or produce an inverted value -*/ -static int need_value (FuncState *fs, int list) { - for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list)) { - Instruction i = *getjumpcontrol(fs, list); - if (GET_OPCODE(i) != OP_TESTSET) return 1; - } - return 0; /* not found */ -} - - -/* -** Ensures final expression result (including results from its jump -** lists) is in register 'reg'. -** If expression has jumps, need to patch these jumps either to -** its final position or to "load" instructions (for those tests -** that do not produce values). -*/ -static void exp2reg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int reg) { - discharge2reg(fs, e, reg); - if (e->k == VJMP) /* expression itself is a test? */ - luaK_concat(fs, &e->t, e->u.info); /* put this jump in 't' list */ - if (hasjumps(e)) { - int final; /* position after whole expression */ - int p_f = NO_JUMP; /* position of an eventual LOAD false */ - int p_t = NO_JUMP; /* position of an eventual LOAD true */ - if (need_value(fs, e->t) || need_value(fs, e->f)) { - int fj = (e->k == VJMP) ? NO_JUMP : luaK_jump(fs); - p_f = code_loadbool(fs, reg, 0, 1); - p_t = code_loadbool(fs, reg, 1, 0); - luaK_patchtohere(fs, fj); - } - final = luaK_getlabel(fs); - patchlistaux(fs, e->f, final, reg, p_f); - patchlistaux(fs, e->t, final, reg, p_t); - } - e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP; - e->u.info = reg; - e->k = VNONRELOC; -} - - -/* -** Ensures final expression result (including results from its jump -** lists) is in next available register. -*/ -void luaK_exp2nextreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e); - freeexp(fs, e); - luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1); - exp2reg(fs, e, fs->freereg - 1); -} - - -/* -** Ensures final expression result (including results from its jump -** lists) is in some (any) register and return that register. -*/ -int luaK_exp2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e); - if (e->k == VNONRELOC) { /* expression already has a register? */ - if (!hasjumps(e)) /* no jumps? */ - return e->u.info; /* result is already in a register */ - if (e->u.info >= fs->nactvar) { /* reg. is not a local? */ - exp2reg(fs, e, e->u.info); /* put final result in it */ - return e->u.info; - } - } - luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e); /* otherwise, use next available register */ - return e->u.info; -} - - -/* -** Ensures final expression result is either in a register or in an -** upvalue. -*/ -void luaK_exp2anyregup (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - if (e->k != VUPVAL || hasjumps(e)) - luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e); -} - - -/* -** Ensures final expression result is either in a register or it is -** a constant. -*/ -void luaK_exp2val (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - if (hasjumps(e)) - luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e); - else - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e); -} - - -/* -** Ensures final expression result is in a valid R/K index -** (that is, it is either in a register or in 'k' with an index -** in the range of R/K indices). -** Returns R/K index. -*/ -int luaK_exp2RK (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - luaK_exp2val(fs, e); - switch (e->k) { /* move constants to 'k' */ - case VTRUE: e->u.info = boolK(fs, 1); goto vk; - case VFALSE: e->u.info = boolK(fs, 0); goto vk; - case VNIL: e->u.info = nilK(fs); goto vk; - case VKINT: e->u.info = luaK_intK(fs, e->u.ival); goto vk; - case VKFLT: e->u.info = luaK_numberK(fs, e->u.nval); goto vk; - case VK: - vk: - e->k = VK; - if (e->u.info <= MAXINDEXRK) /* constant fits in 'argC'? */ - return RKASK(e->u.info); - else break; - default: break; - } - /* not a constant in the right range: put it in a register */ - return luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e); -} - - -/* -** Generate code to store result of expression 'ex' into variable 'var'. -*/ -void luaK_storevar (FuncState *fs, expdesc *var, expdesc *ex) { - switch (var->k) { - case VLOCAL: { - freeexp(fs, ex); - exp2reg(fs, ex, var->u.info); /* compute 'ex' into proper place */ - return; - } - case VUPVAL: { - int e = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, ex); - luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETUPVAL, e, var->u.info, 0); - break; - } - case VINDEXED: { - OpCode op = (var->u.ind.vt == VLOCAL) ? OP_SETTABLE : OP_SETTABUP; - int e = luaK_exp2RK(fs, ex); - luaK_codeABC(fs, op, var->u.ind.t, var->u.ind.idx, e); - break; - } - default: lua_assert(0); /* invalid var kind to store */ - } - freeexp(fs, ex); -} - - -/* -** Emit SELF instruction (convert expression 'e' into 'e:key(e,'). -*/ -void luaK_self (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, expdesc *key) { - int ereg; - luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e); - ereg = e->u.info; /* register where 'e' was placed */ - freeexp(fs, e); - e->u.info = fs->freereg; /* base register for op_self */ - e->k = VNONRELOC; /* self expression has a fixed register */ - luaK_reserveregs(fs, 2); /* function and 'self' produced by op_self */ - luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SELF, e->u.info, ereg, luaK_exp2RK(fs, key)); - freeexp(fs, key); -} - - -/* -** Negate condition 'e' (where 'e' is a comparison). -*/ -static void negatecondition (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - Instruction *pc = getjumpcontrol(fs, e->u.info); - lua_assert(testTMode(GET_OPCODE(*pc)) && GET_OPCODE(*pc) != OP_TESTSET && - GET_OPCODE(*pc) != OP_TEST); - SETARG_A(*pc, !(GETARG_A(*pc))); -} - - -/* -** Emit instruction to jump if 'e' is 'cond' (that is, if 'cond' -** is true, code will jump if 'e' is true.) Return jump position. -** Optimize when 'e' is 'not' something, inverting the condition -** and removing the 'not'. -*/ -static int jumponcond (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int cond) { - if (e->k == VRELOCABLE) { - Instruction ie = getinstruction(fs, e); - if (GET_OPCODE(ie) == OP_NOT) { - fs->pc--; /* remove previous OP_NOT */ - return condjump(fs, OP_TEST, GETARG_B(ie), 0, !cond); - } - /* else go through */ - } - discharge2anyreg(fs, e); - freeexp(fs, e); - return condjump(fs, OP_TESTSET, NO_REG, e->u.info, cond); -} - - -/* -** Emit code to go through if 'e' is true, jump otherwise. -*/ -void luaK_goiftrue (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - int pc; /* pc of new jump */ - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e); - switch (e->k) { - case VJMP: { /* condition? */ - negatecondition(fs, e); /* jump when it is false */ - pc = e->u.info; /* save jump position */ - break; - } - case VK: case VKFLT: case VKINT: case VTRUE: { - pc = NO_JUMP; /* always true; do nothing */ - break; - } - default: { - pc = jumponcond(fs, e, 0); /* jump when false */ - break; - } - } - luaK_concat(fs, &e->f, pc); /* insert new jump in false list */ - luaK_patchtohere(fs, e->t); /* true list jumps to here (to go through) */ - e->t = NO_JUMP; -} - - -/* -** Emit code to go through if 'e' is false, jump otherwise. -*/ -void luaK_goiffalse (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - int pc; /* pc of new jump */ - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e); - switch (e->k) { - case VJMP: { - pc = e->u.info; /* already jump if true */ - break; - } - case VNIL: case VFALSE: { - pc = NO_JUMP; /* always false; do nothing */ - break; - } - default: { - pc = jumponcond(fs, e, 1); /* jump if true */ - break; - } - } - luaK_concat(fs, &e->t, pc); /* insert new jump in 't' list */ - luaK_patchtohere(fs, e->f); /* false list jumps to here (to go through) */ - e->f = NO_JUMP; -} - - -/* -** Code 'not e', doing constant folding. -*/ -static void codenot (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) { - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e); - switch (e->k) { - case VNIL: case VFALSE: { - e->k = VTRUE; /* true == not nil == not false */ - break; - } - case VK: case VKFLT: case VKINT: case VTRUE: { - e->k = VFALSE; /* false == not "x" == not 0.5 == not 1 == not true */ - break; - } - case VJMP: { - negatecondition(fs, e); - break; - } - case VRELOCABLE: - case VNONRELOC: { - discharge2anyreg(fs, e); - freeexp(fs, e); - e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_NOT, 0, e->u.info, 0); - e->k = VRELOCABLE; - break; - } - default: lua_assert(0); /* cannot happen */ - } - /* interchange true and false lists */ - { int temp = e->f; e->f = e->t; e->t = temp; } - removevalues(fs, e->f); /* values are useless when negated */ - removevalues(fs, e->t); -} - - -/* -** Create expression 't[k]'. 't' must have its final result already in a -** register or upvalue. -*/ -void luaK_indexed (FuncState *fs, expdesc *t, expdesc *k) { - lua_assert(!hasjumps(t) && (vkisinreg(t->k) || t->k == VUPVAL)); - t->u.ind.t = t->u.info; /* register or upvalue index */ - t->u.ind.idx = luaK_exp2RK(fs, k); /* R/K index for key */ - t->u.ind.vt = (t->k == VUPVAL) ? VUPVAL : VLOCAL; - t->k = VINDEXED; -} - - -/* -** Return false if folding can raise an error. -** Bitwise operations need operands convertible to integers; division -** operations cannot have 0 as divisor. -*/ -static int validop (int op, TValue *v1, TValue *v2) { - switch (op) { - case LUA_OPBAND: case LUA_OPBOR: case LUA_OPBXOR: - case LUA_OPSHL: case LUA_OPSHR: case LUA_OPBNOT: { /* conversion errors */ - lua_Integer i; - return (tointeger(v1, &i) && tointeger(v2, &i)); - } - case LUA_OPDIV: case LUA_OPIDIV: case LUA_OPMOD: /* division by 0 */ - return (nvalue(v2) != 0); - default: return 1; /* everything else is valid */ - } -} - - -/* -** Try to "constant-fold" an operation; return 1 iff successful. -** (In this case, 'e1' has the final result.) -*/ -static int constfolding (FuncState *fs, int op, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) { - TValue v1, v2, res; - if (!tonumeral(e1, &v1) || !tonumeral(e2, &v2) || !validop(op, &v1, &v2)) - return 0; /* non-numeric operands or not safe to fold */ - luaO_arith(fs->ls->L, op, &v1, &v2, &res); /* does operation */ - if (ttisinteger(&res)) { - e1->k = VKINT; - e1->u.ival = ivalue(&res); - } - else { /* folds neither NaN nor 0.0 (to avoid problems with -0.0) */ - lua_Number n = fltvalue(&res); - if (luai_numisnan(n) || n == 0) - return 0; - e1->k = VKFLT; - e1->u.nval = n; - } - return 1; -} - - -/* -** Emit code for unary expressions that "produce values" -** (everything but 'not'). -** Expression to produce final result will be encoded in 'e'. -*/ -static void codeunexpval (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, expdesc *e, int line) { - int r = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e); /* opcodes operate only on registers */ - freeexp(fs, e); - e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, op, 0, r, 0); /* generate opcode */ - e->k = VRELOCABLE; /* all those operations are relocatable */ - luaK_fixline(fs, line); -} - - -/* -** Emit code for binary expressions that "produce values" -** (everything but logical operators 'and'/'or' and comparison -** operators). -** Expression to produce final result will be encoded in 'e1'. -*/ -static void codebinexpval (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, - expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) { - int rk1 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e1); /* both operands are "RK" */ - int rk2 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e2); - freeexps(fs, e1, e2); - e1->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, op, 0, rk1, rk2); /* generate opcode */ - e1->k = VRELOCABLE; /* all those operations are relocatable */ - luaK_fixline(fs, line); -} - - -/* -** Emit code for comparisons. -** 'e1' was already put in R/K form by 'luaK_infix'. -*/ -static void codecomp (FuncState *fs, BinOpr opr, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) { - int rk1 = (e1->k == VK) ? RKASK(e1->u.info) - : check_exp(e1->k == VNONRELOC, e1->u.info); - int rk2 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e2); - freeexps(fs, e1, e2); - switch (opr) { - case OPR_NE: { /* '(a ~= b)' ==> 'not (a == b)' */ - e1->u.info = condjump(fs, OP_EQ, 0, rk1, rk2); - break; - } - case OPR_GT: case OPR_GE: { - /* '(a > b)' ==> '(b < a)'; '(a >= b)' ==> '(b <= a)' */ - OpCode op = cast(OpCode, (opr - OPR_NE) + OP_EQ); - e1->u.info = condjump(fs, op, 1, rk2, rk1); /* invert operands */ - break; - } - default: { /* '==', '<', '<=' use their own opcodes */ - OpCode op = cast(OpCode, (opr - OPR_EQ) + OP_EQ); - e1->u.info = condjump(fs, op, 1, rk1, rk2); - break; - } - } - e1->k = VJMP; -} - - -/* -** Aplly prefix operation 'op' to expression 'e'. -*/ -void luaK_prefix (FuncState *fs, UnOpr op, expdesc *e, int line) { - static expdesc ef = {VKINT, {0}, NO_JUMP, NO_JUMP}; /* fake 2nd operand */ - switch (op) { - case OPR_MINUS: case OPR_BNOT: - if (constfolding(fs, op + LUA_OPUNM, e, &ef)) - break; - /* FALLTHROUGH */ - case OPR_LEN: - codeunexpval(fs, cast(OpCode, op + OP_UNM), e, line); - break; - case OPR_NOT: codenot(fs, e); break; - default: lua_assert(0); - } -} - - -/* -** Process 1st operand 'v' of binary operation 'op' before reading -** 2nd operand. -*/ -void luaK_infix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *v) { - switch (op) { - case OPR_AND: { - luaK_goiftrue(fs, v); /* go ahead only if 'v' is true */ - break; - } - case OPR_OR: { - luaK_goiffalse(fs, v); /* go ahead only if 'v' is false */ - break; - } - case OPR_CONCAT: { - luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v); /* operand must be on the 'stack' */ - break; - } - case OPR_ADD: case OPR_SUB: - case OPR_MUL: case OPR_DIV: case OPR_IDIV: - case OPR_MOD: case OPR_POW: - case OPR_BAND: case OPR_BOR: case OPR_BXOR: - case OPR_SHL: case OPR_SHR: { - if (!tonumeral(v, NULL)) - luaK_exp2RK(fs, v); - /* else keep numeral, which may be folded with 2nd operand */ - break; - } - default: { - luaK_exp2RK(fs, v); - break; - } - } -} - - -/* -** Finalize code for binary operation, after reading 2nd operand. -** For '(a .. b .. c)' (which is '(a .. (b .. c))', because -** concatenation is right associative), merge second CONCAT into first -** one. -*/ -void luaK_posfix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, - expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) { - switch (op) { - case OPR_AND: { - lua_assert(e1->t == NO_JUMP); /* list closed by 'luK_infix' */ - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e2); - luaK_concat(fs, &e2->f, e1->f); - *e1 = *e2; - break; - } - case OPR_OR: { - lua_assert(e1->f == NO_JUMP); /* list closed by 'luK_infix' */ - luaK_dischargevars(fs, e2); - luaK_concat(fs, &e2->t, e1->t); - *e1 = *e2; - break; - } - case OPR_CONCAT: { - luaK_exp2val(fs, e2); - if (e2->k == VRELOCABLE && - GET_OPCODE(getinstruction(fs, e2)) == OP_CONCAT) { - lua_assert(e1->u.info == GETARG_B(getinstruction(fs, e2))-1); - freeexp(fs, e1); - SETARG_B(getinstruction(fs, e2), e1->u.info); - e1->k = VRELOCABLE; e1->u.info = e2->u.info; - } - else { - luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e2); /* operand must be on the 'stack' */ - codebinexpval(fs, OP_CONCAT, e1, e2, line); - } - break; - } - case OPR_ADD: case OPR_SUB: case OPR_MUL: case OPR_DIV: - case OPR_IDIV: case OPR_MOD: case OPR_POW: - case OPR_BAND: case OPR_BOR: case OPR_BXOR: - case OPR_SHL: case OPR_SHR: { - if (!constfolding(fs, op + LUA_OPADD, e1, e2)) - codebinexpval(fs, cast(OpCode, op + OP_ADD), e1, e2, line); - break; - } - case OPR_EQ: case OPR_LT: case OPR_LE: - case OPR_NE: case OPR_GT: case OPR_GE: { - codecomp(fs, op, e1, e2); - break; - } - default: lua_assert(0); - } -} - - -/* -** Change line information associated with current position. -*/ -void luaK_fixline (FuncState *fs, int line) { - fs->f->lineinfo[fs->pc - 1] = line; -} - - -/* -** Emit a SETLIST instruction. -** 'base' is register that keeps table; -** 'nelems' is #table plus those to be stored now; -** 'tostore' is number of values (in registers 'base + 1',...) to add to -** table (or LUA_MULTRET to add up to stack top). -*/ -void luaK_setlist (FuncState *fs, int base, int nelems, int tostore) { - int c = (nelems - 1)/LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH + 1; - int b = (tostore == LUA_MULTRET) ? 0 : tostore; - lua_assert(tostore != 0 && tostore <= LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH); - if (c <= MAXARG_C) - luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETLIST, base, b, c); - else if (c <= MAXARG_Ax) { - luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETLIST, base, b, 0); - codeextraarg(fs, c); - } - else - luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "constructor too long"); - fs->freereg = base + 1; /* free registers with list values */ -} - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/ldump.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/ldump.c deleted file mode 100644 index 016e300..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/ldump.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,215 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: ldump.c,v 2.37 2015/10/08 15:53:49 roberto Exp $ -** save precompiled Lua chunks -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define ldump_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lstate.h" -#include "lundump.h" - - -typedef struct { - lua_State *L; - lua_Writer writer; - void *data; - int strip; - int status; -} DumpState; - - -/* -** All high-level dumps go through DumpVector; you can change it to -** change the endianness of the result -*/ -#define DumpVector(v,n,D) DumpBlock(v,(n)*sizeof((v)[0]),D) - -#define DumpLiteral(s,D) DumpBlock(s, sizeof(s) - sizeof(char), D) - - -static void DumpBlock (const void *b, size_t size, DumpState *D) { - if (D->status == 0 && size > 0) { - lua_unlock(D->L); - D->status = (*D->writer)(D->L, b, size, D->data); - lua_lock(D->L); - } -} - - -#define DumpVar(x,D) DumpVector(&x,1,D) - - -static void DumpByte (int y, DumpState *D) { - lu_byte x = (lu_byte)y; - DumpVar(x, D); -} - - -static void DumpInt (int x, DumpState *D) { - DumpVar(x, D); -} - - -static void DumpNumber (lua_Number x, DumpState *D) { - DumpVar(x, D); -} - - -static void DumpInteger (lua_Integer x, DumpState *D) { - DumpVar(x, D); -} - - -static void DumpString (const TString *s, DumpState *D) { - if (s == NULL) - DumpByte(0, D); - else { - size_t size = tsslen(s) + 1; /* include trailing '\0' */ - const char *str = getstr(s); - if (size < 0xFF) - DumpByte(cast_int(size), D); - else { - DumpByte(0xFF, D); - DumpVar(size, D); - } - DumpVector(str, size - 1, D); /* no need to save '\0' */ - } -} - - -static void DumpCode (const Proto *f, DumpState *D) { - DumpInt(f->sizecode, D); - DumpVector(f->code, f->sizecode, D); -} - - -static void DumpFunction(const Proto *f, TString *psource, DumpState *D); - -static void DumpConstants (const Proto *f, DumpState *D) { - int i; - int n = f->sizek; - DumpInt(n, D); - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { - const TValue *o = &f->k[i]; - DumpByte(ttype(o), D); - switch (ttype(o)) { - case LUA_TNIL: - break; - case LUA_TBOOLEAN: - DumpByte(bvalue(o), D); - break; - case LUA_TNUMFLT: - DumpNumber(fltvalue(o), D); - break; - case LUA_TNUMINT: - DumpInteger(ivalue(o), D); - break; - case LUA_TSHRSTR: - case LUA_TLNGSTR: - DumpString(tsvalue(o), D); - break; - default: - lua_assert(0); - } - } -} - - -static void DumpProtos (const Proto *f, DumpState *D) { - int i; - int n = f->sizep; - DumpInt(n, D); - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) - DumpFunction(f->p[i], f->source, D); -} - - -static void DumpUpvalues (const Proto *f, DumpState *D) { - int i, n = f->sizeupvalues; - DumpInt(n, D); - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { - DumpByte(f->upvalues[i].instack, D); - DumpByte(f->upvalues[i].idx, D); - } -} - - -static void DumpDebug (const Proto *f, DumpState *D) { - int i, n; - n = (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizelineinfo; - DumpInt(n, D); - DumpVector(f->lineinfo, n, D); - n = (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizelocvars; - DumpInt(n, D); - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { - DumpString(f->locvars[i].varname, D); - DumpInt(f->locvars[i].startpc, D); - DumpInt(f->locvars[i].endpc, D); - } - n = (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizeupvalues; - DumpInt(n, D); - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) - DumpString(f->upvalues[i].name, D); -} - - -static void DumpFunction (const Proto *f, TString *psource, DumpState *D) { - if (D->strip || f->source == psource) - DumpString(NULL, D); /* no debug info or same source as its parent */ - else - DumpString(f->source, D); - DumpInt(f->linedefined, D); - DumpInt(f->lastlinedefined, D); - DumpByte(f->numparams, D); - DumpByte(f->is_vararg, D); - DumpByte(f->maxstacksize, D); - DumpCode(f, D); - DumpConstants(f, D); - DumpUpvalues(f, D); - DumpProtos(f, D); - DumpDebug(f, D); -} - - -static void DumpHeader (DumpState *D) { - DumpLiteral(LUA_SIGNATURE, D); - DumpByte(LUAC_VERSION, D); - DumpByte(LUAC_FORMAT, D); - DumpLiteral(LUAC_DATA, D); - DumpByte(sizeof(int), D); - DumpByte(sizeof(size_t), D); - DumpByte(sizeof(Instruction), D); - DumpByte(sizeof(lua_Integer), D); - DumpByte(sizeof(lua_Number), D); - DumpInteger(LUAC_INT, D); - DumpNumber(LUAC_NUM, D); -} - - -/* -** dump Lua function as precompiled chunk -*/ -int luaU_dump(lua_State *L, const Proto *f, lua_Writer w, void *data, - int strip) { - DumpState D; - D.L = L; - D.writer = w; - D.data = data; - D.strip = strip; - D.status = 0; - DumpHeader(&D); - DumpByte(f->sizeupvalues, &D); - DumpFunction(f, NULL, &D); - return D.status; -} - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lfunc.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lfunc.c deleted file mode 100644 index 67967da..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lfunc.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,151 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lfunc.c,v 2.45 2014/11/02 19:19:04 roberto Exp $ -** Auxiliary functions to manipulate prototypes and closures -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lfunc_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "lfunc.h" -#include "lgc.h" -#include "lmem.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lstate.h" - - - -CClosure *luaF_newCclosure (lua_State *L, int n) { - GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_TCCL, sizeCclosure(n)); - CClosure *c = gco2ccl(o); - c->nupvalues = cast_byte(n); - return c; -} - - -LClosure *luaF_newLclosure (lua_State *L, int n) { - GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_TLCL, sizeLclosure(n)); - LClosure *c = gco2lcl(o); - c->p = NULL; - c->nupvalues = cast_byte(n); - while (n--) c->upvals[n] = NULL; - return c; -} - -/* -** fill a closure with new closed upvalues -*/ -void luaF_initupvals (lua_State *L, LClosure *cl) { - int i; - for (i = 0; i < cl->nupvalues; i++) { - UpVal *uv = luaM_new(L, UpVal); - uv->refcount = 1; - uv->v = &uv->u.value; /* make it closed */ - setnilvalue(uv->v); - cl->upvals[i] = uv; - } -} - - -UpVal *luaF_findupval (lua_State *L, StkId level) { - UpVal **pp = &L->openupval; - UpVal *p; - UpVal *uv; - lua_assert(isintwups(L) || L->openupval == NULL); - while (*pp != NULL && (p = *pp)->v >= level) { - lua_assert(upisopen(p)); - if (p->v == level) /* found a corresponding upvalue? */ - return p; /* return it */ - pp = &p->u.open.next; - } - /* not found: create a new upvalue */ - uv = luaM_new(L, UpVal); - uv->refcount = 0; - uv->u.open.next = *pp; /* link it to list of open upvalues */ - uv->u.open.touched = 1; - *pp = uv; - uv->v = level; /* current value lives in the stack */ - if (!isintwups(L)) { /* thread not in list of threads with upvalues? */ - L->twups = G(L)->twups; /* link it to the list */ - G(L)->twups = L; - } - return uv; -} - - -void luaF_close (lua_State *L, StkId level) { - UpVal *uv; - while (L->openupval != NULL && (uv = L->openupval)->v >= level) { - lua_assert(upisopen(uv)); - L->openupval = uv->u.open.next; /* remove from 'open' list */ - if (uv->refcount == 0) /* no references? */ - luaM_free(L, uv); /* free upvalue */ - else { - setobj(L, &uv->u.value, uv->v); /* move value to upvalue slot */ - uv->v = &uv->u.value; /* now current value lives here */ - luaC_upvalbarrier(L, uv); - } - } -} - - -Proto *luaF_newproto (lua_State *L) { - GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_TPROTO, sizeof(Proto)); - Proto *f = gco2p(o); - f->k = NULL; - f->sizek = 0; - f->p = NULL; - f->sizep = 0; - f->code = NULL; - f->cache = NULL; - f->sizecode = 0; - f->lineinfo = NULL; - f->sizelineinfo = 0; - f->upvalues = NULL; - f->sizeupvalues = 0; - f->numparams = 0; - f->is_vararg = 0; - f->maxstacksize = 0; - f->locvars = NULL; - f->sizelocvars = 0; - f->linedefined = 0; - f->lastlinedefined = 0; - f->source = NULL; - return f; -} - - -void luaF_freeproto (lua_State *L, Proto *f) { - luaM_freearray(L, f->code, f->sizecode); - luaM_freearray(L, f->p, f->sizep); - luaM_freearray(L, f->k, f->sizek); - luaM_freearray(L, f->lineinfo, f->sizelineinfo); - luaM_freearray(L, f->locvars, f->sizelocvars); - luaM_freearray(L, f->upvalues, f->sizeupvalues); - luaM_free(L, f); -} - - -/* -** Look for n-th local variable at line 'line' in function 'func'. -** Returns NULL if not found. -*/ -const char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *f, int local_number, int pc) { - int i; - for (i = 0; isizelocvars && f->locvars[i].startpc <= pc; i++) { - if (pc < f->locvars[i].endpc) { /* is variable active? */ - local_number--; - if (local_number == 0) - return getstr(f->locvars[i].varname); - } - } - return NULL; /* not found */ -} - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lfunc.h b/lua-5.3.3/src/lfunc.h deleted file mode 100644 index 2eeb0d5..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lfunc.h +++ /dev/null @@ -1,61 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lfunc.h,v 2.15 2015/01/13 15:49:11 roberto Exp $ -** Auxiliary functions to manipulate prototypes and closures -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#ifndef lfunc_h -#define lfunc_h - - -#include "lobject.h" - - -#define sizeCclosure(n) (cast(int, sizeof(CClosure)) + \ - cast(int, sizeof(TValue)*((n)-1))) - -#define sizeLclosure(n) (cast(int, sizeof(LClosure)) + \ - cast(int, sizeof(TValue *)*((n)-1))) - - -/* test whether thread is in 'twups' list */ -#define isintwups(L) (L->twups != L) - - -/* -** maximum number of upvalues in a closure (both C and Lua). (Value -** must fit in a VM register.) -*/ -#define MAXUPVAL 255 - - -/* -** Upvalues for Lua closures -*/ -struct UpVal { - TValue *v; /* points to stack or to its own value */ - lu_mem refcount; /* reference counter */ - union { - struct { /* (when open) */ - UpVal *next; /* linked list */ - int touched; /* mark to avoid cycles with dead threads */ - } open; - TValue value; /* the value (when closed) */ - } u; -}; - -#define upisopen(up) ((up)->v != &(up)->u.value) - - -LUAI_FUNC Proto *luaF_newproto (lua_State *L); -LUAI_FUNC CClosure *luaF_newCclosure (lua_State *L, int nelems); -LUAI_FUNC LClosure *luaF_newLclosure (lua_State *L, int nelems); -LUAI_FUNC void luaF_initupvals (lua_State *L, LClosure *cl); -LUAI_FUNC UpVal *luaF_findupval (lua_State *L, StkId level); -LUAI_FUNC void luaF_close (lua_State *L, StkId level); -LUAI_FUNC void luaF_freeproto (lua_State *L, Proto *f); -LUAI_FUNC const char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *func, int local_number, - int pc); - - -#endif diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lgc.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lgc.c deleted file mode 100644 index 7c29fb0..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lgc.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1176 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lgc.c,v 2.212 2016/03/31 19:02:03 roberto Exp $ -** Garbage Collector -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lgc_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "ldebug.h" -#include "ldo.h" -#include "lfunc.h" -#include "lgc.h" -#include "lmem.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lstate.h" -#include "lstring.h" -#include "ltable.h" -#include "ltm.h" - - -/* -** internal state for collector while inside the atomic phase. The -** collector should never be in this state while running regular code. -*/ -#define GCSinsideatomic (GCSpause + 1) - -/* -** cost of sweeping one element (the size of a small object divided -** by some adjust for the sweep speed) -*/ -#define GCSWEEPCOST ((sizeof(TString) + 4) / 4) - -/* maximum number of elements to sweep in each single step */ -#define GCSWEEPMAX (cast_int((GCSTEPSIZE / GCSWEEPCOST) / 4)) - -/* cost of calling one finalizer */ -#define GCFINALIZECOST GCSWEEPCOST - - -/* -** macro to adjust 'stepmul': 'stepmul' is actually used like -** 'stepmul / STEPMULADJ' (value chosen by tests) -*/ -#define STEPMULADJ 200 - - -/* -** macro to adjust 'pause': 'pause' is actually used like -** 'pause / PAUSEADJ' (value chosen by tests) -*/ -#define PAUSEADJ 100 - - -/* -** 'makewhite' erases all color bits then sets only the current white -** bit -*/ -#define maskcolors (~(bitmask(BLACKBIT) | WHITEBITS)) -#define makewhite(g,x) \ - (x->marked = cast_byte((x->marked & maskcolors) | luaC_white(g))) - -#define white2gray(x) resetbits(x->marked, WHITEBITS) -#define black2gray(x) resetbit(x->marked, BLACKBIT) - - -#define valiswhite(x) (iscollectable(x) && iswhite(gcvalue(x))) - -#define checkdeadkey(n) lua_assert(!ttisdeadkey(gkey(n)) || ttisnil(gval(n))) - - -#define checkconsistency(obj) \ - lua_longassert(!iscollectable(obj) || righttt(obj)) - - -#define markvalue(g,o) { checkconsistency(o); \ - if (valiswhite(o)) reallymarkobject(g,gcvalue(o)); } - -#define markobject(g,t) { if (iswhite(t)) reallymarkobject(g, obj2gco(t)); } - -/* -** mark an object that can be NULL (either because it is really optional, -** or it was stripped as debug info, or inside an uncompleted structure) -*/ -#define markobjectN(g,t) { if (t) markobject(g,t); } - -static void reallymarkobject (global_State *g, GCObject *o); - - -/* -** {====================================================== -** Generic functions -** ======================================================= -*/ - - -/* -** one after last element in a hash array -*/ -#define gnodelast(h) gnode(h, cast(size_t, sizenode(h))) - - -/* -** link collectable object 'o' into list pointed by 'p' -*/ -#define linkgclist(o,p) ((o)->gclist = (p), (p) = obj2gco(o)) - - -/* -** If key is not marked, mark its entry as dead. This allows key to be -** collected, but keeps its entry in the table. A dead node is needed -** when Lua looks up for a key (it may be part of a chain) and when -** traversing a weak table (key might be removed from the table during -** traversal). Other places never manipulate dead keys, because its -** associated nil value is enough to signal that the entry is logically -** empty. -*/ -static void removeentry (Node *n) { - lua_assert(ttisnil(gval(n))); - if (valiswhite(gkey(n))) - setdeadvalue(wgkey(n)); /* unused and unmarked key; remove it */ -} - - -/* -** tells whether a key or value can be cleared from a weak -** table. Non-collectable objects are never removed from weak -** tables. Strings behave as 'values', so are never removed too. for -** other objects: if really collected, cannot keep them; for objects -** being finalized, keep them in keys, but not in values -*/ -static int iscleared (global_State *g, const TValue *o) { - if (!iscollectable(o)) return 0; - else if (ttisstring(o)) { - markobject(g, tsvalue(o)); /* strings are 'values', so are never weak */ - return 0; - } - else return iswhite(gcvalue(o)); -} - - -/* -** barrier that moves collector forward, that is, mark the white object -** being pointed by a black object. (If in sweep phase, clear the black -** object to white [sweep it] to avoid other barrier calls for this -** same object.) -*/ -void luaC_barrier_ (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, GCObject *v) { - global_State *g = G(L); - lua_assert(isblack(o) && iswhite(v) && !isdead(g, v) && !isdead(g, o)); - if (keepinvariant(g)) /* must keep invariant? */ - reallymarkobject(g, v); /* restore invariant */ - else { /* sweep phase */ - lua_assert(issweepphase(g)); - makewhite(g, o); /* mark main obj. as white to avoid other barriers */ - } -} - - -/* -** barrier that moves collector backward, that is, mark the black object -** pointing to a white object as gray again. -*/ -void luaC_barrierback_ (lua_State *L, Table *t) { - global_State *g = G(L); - lua_assert(isblack(t) && !isdead(g, t)); - black2gray(t); /* make table gray (again) */ - linkgclist(t, g->grayagain); -} - - -/* -** barrier for assignments to closed upvalues. Because upvalues are -** shared among closures, it is impossible to know the color of all -** closures pointing to it. So, we assume that the object being assigned -** must be marked. -*/ -void luaC_upvalbarrier_ (lua_State *L, UpVal *uv) { - global_State *g = G(L); - GCObject *o = gcvalue(uv->v); - lua_assert(!upisopen(uv)); /* ensured by macro luaC_upvalbarrier */ - if (keepinvariant(g)) - markobject(g, o); -} - - -void luaC_fix (lua_State *L, GCObject *o) { - global_State *g = G(L); - lua_assert(g->allgc == o); /* object must be 1st in 'allgc' list! */ - white2gray(o); /* they will be gray forever */ - g->allgc = o->next; /* remove object from 'allgc' list */ - o->next = g->fixedgc; /* link it to 'fixedgc' list */ - g->fixedgc = o; -} - - -/* -** create a new collectable object (with given type and size) and link -** it to 'allgc' list. -*/ -GCObject *luaC_newobj (lua_State *L, int tt, size_t sz) { - global_State *g = G(L); - GCObject *o = cast(GCObject *, luaM_newobject(L, novariant(tt), sz)); - o->marked = luaC_white(g); - o->tt = tt; - o->next = g->allgc; - g->allgc = o; - return o; -} - -/* }====================================================== */ - - - -/* -** {====================================================== -** Mark functions -** ======================================================= -*/ - - -/* -** mark an object. Userdata, strings, and closed upvalues are visited -** and turned black here. Other objects are marked gray and added -** to appropriate list to be visited (and turned black) later. (Open -** upvalues are already linked in 'headuv' list.) -*/ -static void reallymarkobject (global_State *g, GCObject *o) { - reentry: - white2gray(o); - switch (o->tt) { - case LUA_TSHRSTR: { - gray2black(o); - g->GCmemtrav += sizelstring(gco2ts(o)->shrlen); - break; - } - case LUA_TLNGSTR: { - gray2black(o); - g->GCmemtrav += sizelstring(gco2ts(o)->u.lnglen); - break; - } - case LUA_TUSERDATA: { - TValue uvalue; - markobjectN(g, gco2u(o)->metatable); /* mark its metatable */ - gray2black(o); - g->GCmemtrav += sizeudata(gco2u(o)); - getuservalue(g->mainthread, gco2u(o), &uvalue); - if (valiswhite(&uvalue)) { /* markvalue(g, &uvalue); */ - o = gcvalue(&uvalue); - goto reentry; - } - break; - } - case LUA_TLCL: { - linkgclist(gco2lcl(o), g->gray); - break; - } - case LUA_TCCL: { - linkgclist(gco2ccl(o), g->gray); - break; - } - case LUA_TTABLE: { - linkgclist(gco2t(o), g->gray); - break; - } - case LUA_TTHREAD: { - linkgclist(gco2th(o), g->gray); - break; - } - case LUA_TPROTO: { - linkgclist(gco2p(o), g->gray); - break; - } - default: lua_assert(0); break; - } -} - - -/* -** mark metamethods for basic types -*/ -static void markmt (global_State *g) { - int i; - for (i=0; i < LUA_NUMTAGS; i++) - markobjectN(g, g->mt[i]); -} - - -/* -** mark all objects in list of being-finalized -*/ -static void markbeingfnz (global_State *g) { - GCObject *o; - for (o = g->tobefnz; o != NULL; o = o->next) - markobject(g, o); -} - - -/* -** Mark all values stored in marked open upvalues from non-marked threads. -** (Values from marked threads were already marked when traversing the -** thread.) Remove from the list threads that no longer have upvalues and -** not-marked threads. -*/ -static void remarkupvals (global_State *g) { - lua_State *thread; - lua_State **p = &g->twups; - while ((thread = *p) != NULL) { - lua_assert(!isblack(thread)); /* threads are never black */ - if (isgray(thread) && thread->openupval != NULL) - p = &thread->twups; /* keep marked thread with upvalues in the list */ - else { /* thread is not marked or without upvalues */ - UpVal *uv; - *p = thread->twups; /* remove thread from the list */ - thread->twups = thread; /* mark that it is out of list */ - for (uv = thread->openupval; uv != NULL; uv = uv->u.open.next) { - if (uv->u.open.touched) { - markvalue(g, uv->v); /* remark upvalue's value */ - uv->u.open.touched = 0; - } - } - } - } -} - - -/* -** mark root set and reset all gray lists, to start a new collection -*/ -static void restartcollection (global_State *g) { - g->gray = g->grayagain = NULL; - g->weak = g->allweak = g->ephemeron = NULL; - markobject(g, g->mainthread); - markvalue(g, &g->l_registry); - markmt(g); - markbeingfnz(g); /* mark any finalizing object left from previous cycle */ -} - -/* }====================================================== */ - - -/* -** {====================================================== -** Traverse functions -** ======================================================= -*/ - -/* -** Traverse a table with weak values and link it to proper list. During -** propagate phase, keep it in 'grayagain' list, to be revisited in the -** atomic phase. In the atomic phase, if table has any white value, -** put it in 'weak' list, to be cleared. -*/ -static void traverseweakvalue (global_State *g, Table *h) { - Node *n, *limit = gnodelast(h); - /* if there is array part, assume it may have white values (it is not - worth traversing it now just to check) */ - int hasclears = (h->sizearray > 0); - for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) { /* traverse hash part */ - checkdeadkey(n); - if (ttisnil(gval(n))) /* entry is empty? */ - removeentry(n); /* remove it */ - else { - lua_assert(!ttisnil(gkey(n))); - markvalue(g, gkey(n)); /* mark key */ - if (!hasclears && iscleared(g, gval(n))) /* is there a white value? */ - hasclears = 1; /* table will have to be cleared */ - } - } - if (g->gcstate == GCSpropagate) - linkgclist(h, g->grayagain); /* must retraverse it in atomic phase */ - else if (hasclears) - linkgclist(h, g->weak); /* has to be cleared later */ -} - - -/* -** Traverse an ephemeron table and link it to proper list. Returns true -** iff any object was marked during this traversal (which implies that -** convergence has to continue). During propagation phase, keep table -** in 'grayagain' list, to be visited again in the atomic phase. In -** the atomic phase, if table has any white->white entry, it has to -** be revisited during ephemeron convergence (as that key may turn -** black). Otherwise, if it has any white key, table has to be cleared -** (in the atomic phase). -*/ -static int traverseephemeron (global_State *g, Table *h) { - int marked = 0; /* true if an object is marked in this traversal */ - int hasclears = 0; /* true if table has white keys */ - int hasww = 0; /* true if table has entry "white-key -> white-value" */ - Node *n, *limit = gnodelast(h); - unsigned int i; - /* traverse array part */ - for (i = 0; i < h->sizearray; i++) { - if (valiswhite(&h->array[i])) { - marked = 1; - reallymarkobject(g, gcvalue(&h->array[i])); - } - } - /* traverse hash part */ - for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) { - checkdeadkey(n); - if (ttisnil(gval(n))) /* entry is empty? */ - removeentry(n); /* remove it */ - else if (iscleared(g, gkey(n))) { /* key is not marked (yet)? */ - hasclears = 1; /* table must be cleared */ - if (valiswhite(gval(n))) /* value not marked yet? */ - hasww = 1; /* white-white entry */ - } - else if (valiswhite(gval(n))) { /* value not marked yet? */ - marked = 1; - reallymarkobject(g, gcvalue(gval(n))); /* mark it now */ - } - } - /* link table into proper list */ - if (g->gcstate == GCSpropagate) - linkgclist(h, g->grayagain); /* must retraverse it in atomic phase */ - else if (hasww) /* table has white->white entries? */ - linkgclist(h, g->ephemeron); /* have to propagate again */ - else if (hasclears) /* table has white keys? */ - linkgclist(h, g->allweak); /* may have to clean white keys */ - return marked; -} - - -static void traversestrongtable (global_State *g, Table *h) { - Node *n, *limit = gnodelast(h); - unsigned int i; - for (i = 0; i < h->sizearray; i++) /* traverse array part */ - markvalue(g, &h->array[i]); - for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) { /* traverse hash part */ - checkdeadkey(n); - if (ttisnil(gval(n))) /* entry is empty? */ - removeentry(n); /* remove it */ - else { - lua_assert(!ttisnil(gkey(n))); - markvalue(g, gkey(n)); /* mark key */ - markvalue(g, gval(n)); /* mark value */ - } - } -} - - -static lu_mem traversetable (global_State *g, Table *h) { - const char *weakkey, *weakvalue; - const TValue *mode = gfasttm(g, h->metatable, TM_MODE); - markobjectN(g, h->metatable); - if (mode && ttisstring(mode) && /* is there a weak mode? */ - ((weakkey = strchr(svalue(mode), 'k')), - (weakvalue = strchr(svalue(mode), 'v')), - (weakkey || weakvalue))) { /* is really weak? */ - black2gray(h); /* keep table gray */ - if (!weakkey) /* strong keys? */ - traverseweakvalue(g, h); - else if (!weakvalue) /* strong values? */ - traverseephemeron(g, h); - else /* all weak */ - linkgclist(h, g->allweak); /* nothing to traverse now */ - } - else /* not weak */ - traversestrongtable(g, h); - return sizeof(Table) + sizeof(TValue) * h->sizearray + - sizeof(Node) * cast(size_t, sizenode(h)); -} - - -/* -** Traverse a prototype. (While a prototype is being build, its -** arrays can be larger than needed; the extra slots are filled with -** NULL, so the use of 'markobjectN') -*/ -static int traverseproto (global_State *g, Proto *f) { - int i; - if (f->cache && iswhite(f->cache)) - f->cache = NULL; /* allow cache to be collected */ - markobjectN(g, f->source); - for (i = 0; i < f->sizek; i++) /* mark literals */ - markvalue(g, &f->k[i]); - for (i = 0; i < f->sizeupvalues; i++) /* mark upvalue names */ - markobjectN(g, f->upvalues[i].name); - for (i = 0; i < f->sizep; i++) /* mark nested protos */ - markobjectN(g, f->p[i]); - for (i = 0; i < f->sizelocvars; i++) /* mark local-variable names */ - markobjectN(g, f->locvars[i].varname); - return sizeof(Proto) + sizeof(Instruction) * f->sizecode + - sizeof(Proto *) * f->sizep + - sizeof(TValue) * f->sizek + - sizeof(int) * f->sizelineinfo + - sizeof(LocVar) * f->sizelocvars + - sizeof(Upvaldesc) * f->sizeupvalues; -} - - -static lu_mem traverseCclosure (global_State *g, CClosure *cl) { - int i; - for (i = 0; i < cl->nupvalues; i++) /* mark its upvalues */ - markvalue(g, &cl->upvalue[i]); - return sizeCclosure(cl->nupvalues); -} - -/* -** open upvalues point to values in a thread, so those values should -** be marked when the thread is traversed except in the atomic phase -** (because then the value cannot be changed by the thread and the -** thread may not be traversed again) -*/ -static lu_mem traverseLclosure (global_State *g, LClosure *cl) { - int i; - markobjectN(g, cl->p); /* mark its prototype */ - for (i = 0; i < cl->nupvalues; i++) { /* mark its upvalues */ - UpVal *uv = cl->upvals[i]; - if (uv != NULL) { - if (upisopen(uv) && g->gcstate != GCSinsideatomic) - uv->u.open.touched = 1; /* can be marked in 'remarkupvals' */ - else - markvalue(g, uv->v); - } - } - return sizeLclosure(cl->nupvalues); -} - - -static lu_mem traversethread (global_State *g, lua_State *th) { - StkId o = th->stack; - if (o == NULL) - return 1; /* stack not completely built yet */ - lua_assert(g->gcstate == GCSinsideatomic || - th->openupval == NULL || isintwups(th)); - for (; o < th->top; o++) /* mark live elements in the stack */ - markvalue(g, o); - if (g->gcstate == GCSinsideatomic) { /* final traversal? */ - StkId lim = th->stack + th->stacksize; /* real end of stack */ - for (; o < lim; o++) /* clear not-marked stack slice */ - setnilvalue(o); - /* 'remarkupvals' may have removed thread from 'twups' list */ - if (!isintwups(th) && th->openupval != NULL) { - th->twups = g->twups; /* link it back to the list */ - g->twups = th; - } - } - else if (g->gckind != KGC_EMERGENCY) - luaD_shrinkstack(th); /* do not change stack in emergency cycle */ - return (sizeof(lua_State) + sizeof(TValue) * th->stacksize + - sizeof(CallInfo) * th->nci); -} - - -/* -** traverse one gray object, turning it to black (except for threads, -** which are always gray). -*/ -static void propagatemark (global_State *g) { - lu_mem size; - GCObject *o = g->gray; - lua_assert(isgray(o)); - gray2black(o); - switch (o->tt) { - case LUA_TTABLE: { - Table *h = gco2t(o); - g->gray = h->gclist; /* remove from 'gray' list */ - size = traversetable(g, h); - break; - } - case LUA_TLCL: { - LClosure *cl = gco2lcl(o); - g->gray = cl->gclist; /* remove from 'gray' list */ - size = traverseLclosure(g, cl); - break; - } - case LUA_TCCL: { - CClosure *cl = gco2ccl(o); - g->gray = cl->gclist; /* remove from 'gray' list */ - size = traverseCclosure(g, cl); - break; - } - case LUA_TTHREAD: { - lua_State *th = gco2th(o); - g->gray = th->gclist; /* remove from 'gray' list */ - linkgclist(th, g->grayagain); /* insert into 'grayagain' list */ - black2gray(o); - size = traversethread(g, th); - break; - } - case LUA_TPROTO: { - Proto *p = gco2p(o); - g->gray = p->gclist; /* remove from 'gray' list */ - size = traverseproto(g, p); - break; - } - default: lua_assert(0); return; - } - g->GCmemtrav += size; -} - - -static void propagateall (global_State *g) { - while (g->gray) propagatemark(g); -} - - -static void convergeephemerons (global_State *g) { - int changed; - do { - GCObject *w; - GCObject *next = g->ephemeron; /* get ephemeron list */ - g->ephemeron = NULL; /* tables may return to this list when traversed */ - changed = 0; - while ((w = next) != NULL) { - next = gco2t(w)->gclist; - if (traverseephemeron(g, gco2t(w))) { /* traverse marked some value? */ - propagateall(g); /* propagate changes */ - changed = 1; /* will have to revisit all ephemeron tables */ - } - } - } while (changed); -} - -/* }====================================================== */ - - -/* -** {====================================================== -** Sweep Functions -** ======================================================= -*/ - - -/* -** clear entries with unmarked keys from all weaktables in list 'l' up -** to element 'f' -*/ -static void clearkeys (global_State *g, GCObject *l, GCObject *f) { - for (; l != f; l = gco2t(l)->gclist) { - Table *h = gco2t(l); - Node *n, *limit = gnodelast(h); - for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) { - if (!ttisnil(gval(n)) && (iscleared(g, gkey(n)))) { - setnilvalue(gval(n)); /* remove value ... */ - removeentry(n); /* and remove entry from table */ - } - } - } -} - - -/* -** clear entries with unmarked values from all weaktables in list 'l' up -** to element 'f' -*/ -static void clearvalues (global_State *g, GCObject *l, GCObject *f) { - for (; l != f; l = gco2t(l)->gclist) { - Table *h = gco2t(l); - Node *n, *limit = gnodelast(h); - unsigned int i; - for (i = 0; i < h->sizearray; i++) { - TValue *o = &h->array[i]; - if (iscleared(g, o)) /* value was collected? */ - setnilvalue(o); /* remove value */ - } - for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) { - if (!ttisnil(gval(n)) && iscleared(g, gval(n))) { - setnilvalue(gval(n)); /* remove value ... */ - removeentry(n); /* and remove entry from table */ - } - } - } -} - - -void luaC_upvdeccount (lua_State *L, UpVal *uv) { - lua_assert(uv->refcount > 0); - uv->refcount--; - if (uv->refcount == 0 && !upisopen(uv)) - luaM_free(L, uv); -} - - -static void freeLclosure (lua_State *L, LClosure *cl) { - int i; - for (i = 0; i < cl->nupvalues; i++) { - UpVal *uv = cl->upvals[i]; - if (uv) - luaC_upvdeccount(L, uv); - } - luaM_freemem(L, cl, sizeLclosure(cl->nupvalues)); -} - - -static void freeobj (lua_State *L, GCObject *o) { - switch (o->tt) { - case LUA_TPROTO: luaF_freeproto(L, gco2p(o)); break; - case LUA_TLCL: { - freeLclosure(L, gco2lcl(o)); - break; - } - case LUA_TCCL: { - luaM_freemem(L, o, sizeCclosure(gco2ccl(o)->nupvalues)); - break; - } - case LUA_TTABLE: luaH_free(L, gco2t(o)); break; - case LUA_TTHREAD: luaE_freethread(L, gco2th(o)); break; - case LUA_TUSERDATA: luaM_freemem(L, o, sizeudata(gco2u(o))); break; - case LUA_TSHRSTR: - luaS_remove(L, gco2ts(o)); /* remove it from hash table */ - luaM_freemem(L, o, sizelstring(gco2ts(o)->shrlen)); - break; - case LUA_TLNGSTR: { - luaM_freemem(L, o, sizelstring(gco2ts(o)->u.lnglen)); - break; - } - default: lua_assert(0); - } -} - - -#define sweepwholelist(L,p) sweeplist(L,p,MAX_LUMEM) -static GCObject **sweeplist (lua_State *L, GCObject **p, lu_mem count); - - -/* -** sweep at most 'count' elements from a list of GCObjects erasing dead -** objects, where a dead object is one marked with the old (non current) -** white; change all non-dead objects back to white, preparing for next -** collection cycle. Return where to continue the traversal or NULL if -** list is finished. -*/ -static GCObject **sweeplist (lua_State *L, GCObject **p, lu_mem count) { - global_State *g = G(L); - int ow = otherwhite(g); - int white = luaC_white(g); /* current white */ - while (*p != NULL && count-- > 0) { - GCObject *curr = *p; - int marked = curr->marked; - if (isdeadm(ow, marked)) { /* is 'curr' dead? */ - *p = curr->next; /* remove 'curr' from list */ - freeobj(L, curr); /* erase 'curr' */ - } - else { /* change mark to 'white' */ - curr->marked = cast_byte((marked & maskcolors) | white); - p = &curr->next; /* go to next element */ - } - } - return (*p == NULL) ? NULL : p; -} - - -/* -** sweep a list until a live object (or end of list) -*/ -static GCObject **sweeptolive (lua_State *L, GCObject **p) { - GCObject **old = p; - do { - p = sweeplist(L, p, 1); - } while (p == old); - return p; -} - -/* }====================================================== */ - - -/* -** {====================================================== -** Finalization -** ======================================================= -*/ - -/* -** If possible, shrink string table -*/ -static void checkSizes (lua_State *L, global_State *g) { - if (g->gckind != KGC_EMERGENCY) { - l_mem olddebt = g->GCdebt; - if (g->strt.nuse < g->strt.size / 4) /* string table too big? */ - luaS_resize(L, g->strt.size / 2); /* shrink it a little */ - g->GCestimate += g->GCdebt - olddebt; /* update estimate */ - } -} - - -static GCObject *udata2finalize (global_State *g) { - GCObject *o = g->tobefnz; /* get first element */ - lua_assert(tofinalize(o)); - g->tobefnz = o->next; /* remove it from 'tobefnz' list */ - o->next = g->allgc; /* return it to 'allgc' list */ - g->allgc = o; - resetbit(o->marked, FINALIZEDBIT); /* object is "normal" again */ - if (issweepphase(g)) - makewhite(g, o); /* "sweep" object */ - return o; -} - - -static void dothecall (lua_State *L, void *ud) { - UNUSED(ud); - luaD_callnoyield(L, L->top - 2, 0); -} - - -static void GCTM (lua_State *L, int propagateerrors) { - global_State *g = G(L); - const TValue *tm; - TValue v; - setgcovalue(L, &v, udata2finalize(g)); - tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, &v, TM_GC); - if (tm != NULL && ttisfunction(tm)) { /* is there a finalizer? */ - int status; - lu_byte oldah = L->allowhook; - int running = g->gcrunning; - L->allowhook = 0; /* stop debug hooks during GC metamethod */ - g->gcrunning = 0; /* avoid GC steps */ - setobj2s(L, L->top, tm); /* push finalizer... */ - setobj2s(L, L->top + 1, &v); /* ... and its argument */ - L->top += 2; /* and (next line) call the finalizer */ - status = luaD_pcall(L, dothecall, NULL, savestack(L, L->top - 2), 0); - L->allowhook = oldah; /* restore hooks */ - g->gcrunning = running; /* restore state */ - if (status != LUA_OK && propagateerrors) { /* error while running __gc? */ - if (status == LUA_ERRRUN) { /* is there an error object? */ - const char *msg = (ttisstring(L->top - 1)) - ? svalue(L->top - 1) - : "no message"; - luaO_pushfstring(L, "error in __gc metamethod (%s)", msg); - status = LUA_ERRGCMM; /* error in __gc metamethod */ - } - luaD_throw(L, status); /* re-throw error */ - } - } -} - - -/* -** call a few (up to 'g->gcfinnum') finalizers -*/ -static int runafewfinalizers (lua_State *L) { - global_State *g = G(L); - unsigned int i; - lua_assert(!g->tobefnz || g->gcfinnum > 0); - for (i = 0; g->tobefnz && i < g->gcfinnum; i++) - GCTM(L, 1); /* call one finalizer */ - g->gcfinnum = (!g->tobefnz) ? 0 /* nothing more to finalize? */ - : g->gcfinnum * 2; /* else call a few more next time */ - return i; -} - - -/* -** call all pending finalizers -*/ -static void callallpendingfinalizers (lua_State *L) { - global_State *g = G(L); - while (g->tobefnz) - GCTM(L, 0); -} - - -/* -** find last 'next' field in list 'p' list (to add elements in its end) -*/ -static GCObject **findlast (GCObject **p) { - while (*p != NULL) - p = &(*p)->next; - return p; -} - - -/* -** move all unreachable objects (or 'all' objects) that need -** finalization from list 'finobj' to list 'tobefnz' (to be finalized) -*/ -static void separatetobefnz (global_State *g, int all) { - GCObject *curr; - GCObject **p = &g->finobj; - GCObject **lastnext = findlast(&g->tobefnz); - while ((curr = *p) != NULL) { /* traverse all finalizable objects */ - lua_assert(tofinalize(curr)); - if (!(iswhite(curr) || all)) /* not being collected? */ - p = &curr->next; /* don't bother with it */ - else { - *p = curr->next; /* remove 'curr' from 'finobj' list */ - curr->next = *lastnext; /* link at the end of 'tobefnz' list */ - *lastnext = curr; - lastnext = &curr->next; - } - } -} - - -/* -** if object 'o' has a finalizer, remove it from 'allgc' list (must -** search the list to find it) and link it in 'finobj' list. -*/ -void luaC_checkfinalizer (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, Table *mt) { - global_State *g = G(L); - if (tofinalize(o) || /* obj. is already marked... */ - gfasttm(g, mt, TM_GC) == NULL) /* or has no finalizer? */ - return; /* nothing to be done */ - else { /* move 'o' to 'finobj' list */ - GCObject **p; - if (issweepphase(g)) { - makewhite(g, o); /* "sweep" object 'o' */ - if (g->sweepgc == &o->next) /* should not remove 'sweepgc' object */ - g->sweepgc = sweeptolive(L, g->sweepgc); /* change 'sweepgc' */ - } - /* search for pointer pointing to 'o' */ - for (p = &g->allgc; *p != o; p = &(*p)->next) { /* empty */ } - *p = o->next; /* remove 'o' from 'allgc' list */ - o->next = g->finobj; /* link it in 'finobj' list */ - g->finobj = o; - l_setbit(o->marked, FINALIZEDBIT); /* mark it as such */ - } -} - -/* }====================================================== */ - - - -/* -** {====================================================== -** GC control -** ======================================================= -*/ - - -/* -** Set a reasonable "time" to wait before starting a new GC cycle; cycle -** will start when memory use hits threshold. (Division by 'estimate' -** should be OK: it cannot be zero (because Lua cannot even start with -** less than PAUSEADJ bytes). -*/ -static void setpause (global_State *g) { - l_mem threshold, debt; - l_mem estimate = g->GCestimate / PAUSEADJ; /* adjust 'estimate' */ - lua_assert(estimate > 0); - threshold = (g->gcpause < MAX_LMEM / estimate) /* overflow? */ - ? estimate * g->gcpause /* no overflow */ - : MAX_LMEM; /* overflow; truncate to maximum */ - debt = gettotalbytes(g) - threshold; - luaE_setdebt(g, debt); -} - - -/* -** Enter first sweep phase. -** The call to 'sweeplist' tries to make pointer point to an object -** inside the list (instead of to the header), so that the real sweep do -** not need to skip objects created between "now" and the start of the -** real sweep. -*/ -static void entersweep (lua_State *L) { - global_State *g = G(L); - g->gcstate = GCSswpallgc; - lua_assert(g->sweepgc == NULL); - g->sweepgc = sweeplist(L, &g->allgc, 1); -} - - -void luaC_freeallobjects (lua_State *L) { - global_State *g = G(L); - separatetobefnz(g, 1); /* separate all objects with finalizers */ - lua_assert(g->finobj == NULL); - callallpendingfinalizers(L); - lua_assert(g->tobefnz == NULL); - g->currentwhite = WHITEBITS; /* this "white" makes all objects look dead */ - g->gckind = KGC_NORMAL; - sweepwholelist(L, &g->finobj); - sweepwholelist(L, &g->allgc); - sweepwholelist(L, &g->fixedgc); /* collect fixed objects */ - lua_assert(g->strt.nuse == 0); -} - - -static l_mem atomic (lua_State *L) { - global_State *g = G(L); - l_mem work; - GCObject *origweak, *origall; - GCObject *grayagain = g->grayagain; /* save original list */ - lua_assert(g->ephemeron == NULL && g->weak == NULL); - lua_assert(!iswhite(g->mainthread)); - g->gcstate = GCSinsideatomic; - g->GCmemtrav = 0; /* start counting work */ - markobject(g, L); /* mark running thread */ - /* registry and global metatables may be changed by API */ - markvalue(g, &g->l_registry); - markmt(g); /* mark global metatables */ - /* remark occasional upvalues of (maybe) dead threads */ - remarkupvals(g); - propagateall(g); /* propagate changes */ - work = g->GCmemtrav; /* stop counting (do not recount 'grayagain') */ - g->gray = grayagain; - propagateall(g); /* traverse 'grayagain' list */ - g->GCmemtrav = 0; /* restart counting */ - convergeephemerons(g); - /* at this point, all strongly accessible objects are marked. */ - /* Clear values from weak tables, before checking finalizers */ - clearvalues(g, g->weak, NULL); - clearvalues(g, g->allweak, NULL); - origweak = g->weak; origall = g->allweak; - work += g->GCmemtrav; /* stop counting (objects being finalized) */ - separatetobefnz(g, 0); /* separate objects to be finalized */ - g->gcfinnum = 1; /* there may be objects to be finalized */ - markbeingfnz(g); /* mark objects that will be finalized */ - propagateall(g); /* remark, to propagate 'resurrection' */ - g->GCmemtrav = 0; /* restart counting */ - convergeephemerons(g); - /* at this point, all resurrected objects are marked. */ - /* remove dead objects from weak tables */ - clearkeys(g, g->ephemeron, NULL); /* clear keys from all ephemeron tables */ - clearkeys(g, g->allweak, NULL); /* clear keys from all 'allweak' tables */ - /* clear values from resurrected weak tables */ - clearvalues(g, g->weak, origweak); - clearvalues(g, g->allweak, origall); - luaS_clearcache(g); - g->currentwhite = cast_byte(otherwhite(g)); /* flip current white */ - work += g->GCmemtrav; /* complete counting */ - return work; /* estimate of memory marked by 'atomic' */ -} - - -static lu_mem sweepstep (lua_State *L, global_State *g, - int nextstate, GCObject **nextlist) { - if (g->sweepgc) { - l_mem olddebt = g->GCdebt; - g->sweepgc = sweeplist(L, g->sweepgc, GCSWEEPMAX); - g->GCestimate += g->GCdebt - olddebt; /* update estimate */ - if (g->sweepgc) /* is there still something to sweep? */ - return (GCSWEEPMAX * GCSWEEPCOST); - } - /* else enter next state */ - g->gcstate = nextstate; - g->sweepgc = nextlist; - return 0; -} - - -static lu_mem singlestep (lua_State *L) { - global_State *g = G(L); - switch (g->gcstate) { - case GCSpause: { - g->GCmemtrav = g->strt.size * sizeof(GCObject*); - restartcollection(g); - g->gcstate = GCSpropagate; - return g->GCmemtrav; - } - case GCSpropagate: { - g->GCmemtrav = 0; - lua_assert(g->gray); - propagatemark(g); - if (g->gray == NULL) /* no more gray objects? */ - g->gcstate = GCSatomic; /* finish propagate phase */ - return g->GCmemtrav; /* memory traversed in this step */ - } - case GCSatomic: { - lu_mem work; - propagateall(g); /* make sure gray list is empty */ - work = atomic(L); /* work is what was traversed by 'atomic' */ - entersweep(L); - g->GCestimate = gettotalbytes(g); /* first estimate */; - return work; - } - case GCSswpallgc: { /* sweep "regular" objects */ - return sweepstep(L, g, GCSswpfinobj, &g->finobj); - } - case GCSswpfinobj: { /* sweep objects with finalizers */ - return sweepstep(L, g, GCSswptobefnz, &g->tobefnz); - } - case GCSswptobefnz: { /* sweep objects to be finalized */ - return sweepstep(L, g, GCSswpend, NULL); - } - case GCSswpend: { /* finish sweeps */ - makewhite(g, g->mainthread); /* sweep main thread */ - checkSizes(L, g); - g->gcstate = GCScallfin; - return 0; - } - case GCScallfin: { /* call remaining finalizers */ - if (g->tobefnz && g->gckind != KGC_EMERGENCY) { - int n = runafewfinalizers(L); - return (n * GCFINALIZECOST); - } - else { /* emergency mode or no more finalizers */ - g->gcstate = GCSpause; /* finish collection */ - return 0; - } - } - default: lua_assert(0); return 0; - } -} - - -/* -** advances the garbage collector until it reaches a state allowed -** by 'statemask' -*/ -void luaC_runtilstate (lua_State *L, int statesmask) { - global_State *g = G(L); - while (!testbit(statesmask, g->gcstate)) - singlestep(L); -} - - -/* -** get GC debt and convert it from Kb to 'work units' (avoid zero debt -** and overflows) -*/ -static l_mem getdebt (global_State *g) { - l_mem debt = g->GCdebt; - int stepmul = g->gcstepmul; - if (debt <= 0) return 0; /* minimal debt */ - else { - debt = (debt / STEPMULADJ) + 1; - debt = (debt < MAX_LMEM / stepmul) ? debt * stepmul : MAX_LMEM; - return debt; - } -} - -/* -** performs a basic GC step when collector is running -*/ -void luaC_step (lua_State *L) { - global_State *g = G(L); - l_mem debt = getdebt(g); /* GC deficit (be paid now) */ - if (!g->gcrunning) { /* not running? */ - luaE_setdebt(g, -GCSTEPSIZE * 10); /* avoid being called too often */ - return; - } - do { /* repeat until pause or enough "credit" (negative debt) */ - lu_mem work = singlestep(L); /* perform one single step */ - debt -= work; - } while (debt > -GCSTEPSIZE && g->gcstate != GCSpause); - if (g->gcstate == GCSpause) - setpause(g); /* pause until next cycle */ - else { - debt = (debt / g->gcstepmul) * STEPMULADJ; /* convert 'work units' to Kb */ - luaE_setdebt(g, debt); - runafewfinalizers(L); - } -} - - -/* -** Performs a full GC cycle; if 'isemergency', set a flag to avoid -** some operations which could change the interpreter state in some -** unexpected ways (running finalizers and shrinking some structures). -** Before running the collection, check 'keepinvariant'; if it is true, -** there may be some objects marked as black, so the collector has -** to sweep all objects to turn them back to white (as white has not -** changed, nothing will be collected). -*/ -void luaC_fullgc (lua_State *L, int isemergency) { - global_State *g = G(L); - lua_assert(g->gckind == KGC_NORMAL); - if (isemergency) g->gckind = KGC_EMERGENCY; /* set flag */ - if (keepinvariant(g)) { /* black objects? */ - entersweep(L); /* sweep everything to turn them back to white */ - } - /* finish any pending sweep phase to start a new cycle */ - luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCSpause)); - luaC_runtilstate(L, ~bitmask(GCSpause)); /* start new collection */ - luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCScallfin)); /* run up to finalizers */ - /* estimate must be correct after a full GC cycle */ - lua_assert(g->GCestimate == gettotalbytes(g)); - luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCSpause)); /* finish collection */ - g->gckind = KGC_NORMAL; - setpause(g); -} - -/* }====================================================== */ - - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lmathlib.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lmathlib.c deleted file mode 100644 index 94815f1..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lmathlib.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,407 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lmathlib.c,v 1.117 2015/10/02 15:39:23 roberto Exp $ -** Standard mathematical library -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lmathlib_c -#define LUA_LIB - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "lauxlib.h" -#include "lualib.h" - - -#undef PI -#define PI (l_mathop(3.141592653589793238462643383279502884)) - - -#if !defined(l_rand) /* { */ -#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX) -#define l_rand() random() -#define l_srand(x) srandom(x) -#define L_RANDMAX 2147483647 /* (2^31 - 1), following POSIX */ -#else -#define l_rand() rand() -#define l_srand(x) srand(x) -#define L_RANDMAX RAND_MAX -#endif -#endif /* } */ - - -static int math_abs (lua_State *L) { - if (lua_isinteger(L, 1)) { - lua_Integer n = lua_tointeger(L, 1); - if (n < 0) n = (lua_Integer)(0u - (lua_Unsigned)n); - lua_pushinteger(L, n); - } - else - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(fabs)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_sin (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(sin)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_cos (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(cos)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_tan (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(tan)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_asin (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(asin)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_acos (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(acos)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_atan (lua_State *L) { - lua_Number y = luaL_checknumber(L, 1); - lua_Number x = luaL_optnumber(L, 2, 1); - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(atan2)(y, x)); - return 1; -} - - -static int math_toint (lua_State *L) { - int valid; - lua_Integer n = lua_tointegerx(L, 1, &valid); - if (valid) - lua_pushinteger(L, n); - else { - luaL_checkany(L, 1); - lua_pushnil(L); /* value is not convertible to integer */ - } - return 1; -} - - -static void pushnumint (lua_State *L, lua_Number d) { - lua_Integer n; - if (lua_numbertointeger(d, &n)) /* does 'd' fit in an integer? */ - lua_pushinteger(L, n); /* result is integer */ - else - lua_pushnumber(L, d); /* result is float */ -} - - -static int math_floor (lua_State *L) { - if (lua_isinteger(L, 1)) - lua_settop(L, 1); /* integer is its own floor */ - else { - lua_Number d = l_mathop(floor)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)); - pushnumint(L, d); - } - return 1; -} - - -static int math_ceil (lua_State *L) { - if (lua_isinteger(L, 1)) - lua_settop(L, 1); /* integer is its own ceil */ - else { - lua_Number d = l_mathop(ceil)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)); - pushnumint(L, d); - } - return 1; -} - - -static int math_fmod (lua_State *L) { - if (lua_isinteger(L, 1) && lua_isinteger(L, 2)) { - lua_Integer d = lua_tointeger(L, 2); - if ((lua_Unsigned)d + 1u <= 1u) { /* special cases: -1 or 0 */ - luaL_argcheck(L, d != 0, 2, "zero"); - lua_pushinteger(L, 0); /* avoid overflow with 0x80000... / -1 */ - } - else - lua_pushinteger(L, lua_tointeger(L, 1) % d); - } - else - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(fmod)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), - luaL_checknumber(L, 2))); - return 1; -} - - -/* -** next function does not use 'modf', avoiding problems with 'double*' -** (which is not compatible with 'float*') when lua_Number is not -** 'double'. -*/ -static int math_modf (lua_State *L) { - if (lua_isinteger(L ,1)) { - lua_settop(L, 1); /* number is its own integer part */ - lua_pushnumber(L, 0); /* no fractional part */ - } - else { - lua_Number n = luaL_checknumber(L, 1); - /* integer part (rounds toward zero) */ - lua_Number ip = (n < 0) ? l_mathop(ceil)(n) : l_mathop(floor)(n); - pushnumint(L, ip); - /* fractional part (test needed for inf/-inf) */ - lua_pushnumber(L, (n == ip) ? l_mathop(0.0) : (n - ip)); - } - return 2; -} - - -static int math_sqrt (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(sqrt)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - - -static int math_ult (lua_State *L) { - lua_Integer a = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1); - lua_Integer b = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2); - lua_pushboolean(L, (lua_Unsigned)a < (lua_Unsigned)b); - return 1; -} - -static int math_log (lua_State *L) { - lua_Number x = luaL_checknumber(L, 1); - lua_Number res; - if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 2)) - res = l_mathop(log)(x); - else { - lua_Number base = luaL_checknumber(L, 2); -#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89) - if (base == 2.0) res = l_mathop(log2)(x); else -#endif - if (base == 10.0) res = l_mathop(log10)(x); - else res = l_mathop(log)(x)/l_mathop(log)(base); - } - lua_pushnumber(L, res); - return 1; -} - -static int math_exp (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(exp)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_deg (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, luaL_checknumber(L, 1) * (l_mathop(180.0) / PI)); - return 1; -} - -static int math_rad (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, luaL_checknumber(L, 1) * (PI / l_mathop(180.0))); - return 1; -} - - -static int math_min (lua_State *L) { - int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */ - int imin = 1; /* index of current minimum value */ - int i; - luaL_argcheck(L, n >= 1, 1, "value expected"); - for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) { - if (lua_compare(L, i, imin, LUA_OPLT)) - imin = i; - } - lua_pushvalue(L, imin); - return 1; -} - - -static int math_max (lua_State *L) { - int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */ - int imax = 1; /* index of current maximum value */ - int i; - luaL_argcheck(L, n >= 1, 1, "value expected"); - for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) { - if (lua_compare(L, imax, i, LUA_OPLT)) - imax = i; - } - lua_pushvalue(L, imax); - return 1; -} - -/* -** This function uses 'double' (instead of 'lua_Number') to ensure that -** all bits from 'l_rand' can be represented, and that 'RANDMAX + 1.0' -** will keep full precision (ensuring that 'r' is always less than 1.0.) -*/ -static int math_random (lua_State *L) { - lua_Integer low, up; - double r = (double)l_rand() * (1.0 / ((double)L_RANDMAX + 1.0)); - switch (lua_gettop(L)) { /* check number of arguments */ - case 0: { /* no arguments */ - lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)r); /* Number between 0 and 1 */ - return 1; - } - case 1: { /* only upper limit */ - low = 1; - up = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1); - break; - } - case 2: { /* lower and upper limits */ - low = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1); - up = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2); - break; - } - default: return luaL_error(L, "wrong number of arguments"); - } - /* random integer in the interval [low, up] */ - luaL_argcheck(L, low <= up, 1, "interval is empty"); - luaL_argcheck(L, low >= 0 || up <= LUA_MAXINTEGER + low, 1, - "interval too large"); - r *= (double)(up - low) + 1.0; - lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)r + low); - return 1; -} - - -static int math_randomseed (lua_State *L) { - l_srand((unsigned int)(lua_Integer)luaL_checknumber(L, 1)); - (void)l_rand(); /* discard first value to avoid undesirable correlations */ - return 0; -} - - -static int math_type (lua_State *L) { - if (lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TNUMBER) { - if (lua_isinteger(L, 1)) - lua_pushliteral(L, "integer"); - else - lua_pushliteral(L, "float"); - } - else { - luaL_checkany(L, 1); - lua_pushnil(L); - } - return 1; -} - - -/* -** {================================================================== -** Deprecated functions (for compatibility only) -** =================================================================== -*/ -#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_MATHLIB) - -static int math_cosh (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(cosh)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_sinh (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(sinh)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_tanh (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(tanh)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -static int math_pow (lua_State *L) { - lua_Number x = luaL_checknumber(L, 1); - lua_Number y = luaL_checknumber(L, 2); - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(pow)(x, y)); - return 1; -} - -static int math_frexp (lua_State *L) { - int e; - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(frexp)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), &e)); - lua_pushinteger(L, e); - return 2; -} - -static int math_ldexp (lua_State *L) { - lua_Number x = luaL_checknumber(L, 1); - int ep = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, 2); - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(ldexp)(x, ep)); - return 1; -} - -static int math_log10 (lua_State *L) { - lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(log10)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1))); - return 1; -} - -#endif -/* }================================================================== */ - - - -static const luaL_Reg mathlib[] = { - {"abs", math_abs}, - {"acos", math_acos}, - {"asin", math_asin}, - {"atan", math_atan}, - {"ceil", math_ceil}, - {"cos", math_cos}, - {"deg", math_deg}, - {"exp", math_exp}, - {"tointeger", math_toint}, - {"floor", math_floor}, - {"fmod", math_fmod}, - {"ult", math_ult}, - {"log", math_log}, - {"max", math_max}, - {"min", math_min}, - {"modf", math_modf}, - {"rad", math_rad}, - {"random", math_random}, - {"randomseed", math_randomseed}, - {"sin", math_sin}, - {"sqrt", math_sqrt}, - {"tan", math_tan}, - {"type", math_type}, -#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_MATHLIB) - {"atan2", math_atan}, - {"cosh", math_cosh}, - {"sinh", math_sinh}, - {"tanh", math_tanh}, - {"pow", math_pow}, - {"frexp", math_frexp}, - {"ldexp", math_ldexp}, - {"log10", math_log10}, -#endif - /* placeholders */ - {"pi", NULL}, - {"huge", NULL}, - {"maxinteger", NULL}, - {"mininteger", NULL}, - {NULL, NULL} -}; - - -/* -** Open math library -*/ -LUAMOD_API int luaopen_math (lua_State *L) { - luaL_newlib(L, mathlib); - lua_pushnumber(L, PI); - lua_setfield(L, -2, "pi"); - lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)HUGE_VAL); - lua_setfield(L, -2, "huge"); - lua_pushinteger(L, LUA_MAXINTEGER); - lua_setfield(L, -2, "maxinteger"); - lua_pushinteger(L, LUA_MININTEGER); - lua_setfield(L, -2, "mininteger"); - return 1; -} - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lmem.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lmem.c deleted file mode 100644 index 0a0476c..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lmem.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lmem.c,v 1.91 2015/03/06 19:45:54 roberto Exp $ -** Interface to Memory Manager -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lmem_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "ldebug.h" -#include "ldo.h" -#include "lgc.h" -#include "lmem.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lstate.h" - - - -/* -** About the realloc function: -** void * frealloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize); -** ('osize' is the old size, 'nsize' is the new size) -** -** * frealloc(ud, NULL, x, s) creates a new block of size 's' (no -** matter 'x'). -** -** * frealloc(ud, p, x, 0) frees the block 'p' -** (in this specific case, frealloc must return NULL); -** particularly, frealloc(ud, NULL, 0, 0) does nothing -** (which is equivalent to free(NULL) in ISO C) -** -** frealloc returns NULL if it cannot create or reallocate the area -** (any reallocation to an equal or smaller size cannot fail!) -*/ - - - -#define MINSIZEARRAY 4 - - -void *luaM_growaux_ (lua_State *L, void *block, int *size, size_t size_elems, - int limit, const char *what) { - void *newblock; - int newsize; - if (*size >= limit/2) { /* cannot double it? */ - if (*size >= limit) /* cannot grow even a little? */ - luaG_runerror(L, "too many %s (limit is %d)", what, limit); - newsize = limit; /* still have at least one free place */ - } - else { - newsize = (*size)*2; - if (newsize < MINSIZEARRAY) - newsize = MINSIZEARRAY; /* minimum size */ - } - newblock = luaM_reallocv(L, block, *size, newsize, size_elems); - *size = newsize; /* update only when everything else is OK */ - return newblock; -} - - -l_noret luaM_toobig (lua_State *L) { - luaG_runerror(L, "memory allocation error: block too big"); -} - - - -/* -** generic allocation routine. -*/ -void *luaM_realloc_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t osize, size_t nsize) { - void *newblock; - global_State *g = G(L); - size_t realosize = (block) ? osize : 0; - lua_assert((realosize == 0) == (block == NULL)); -#if defined(HARDMEMTESTS) - if (nsize > realosize && g->gcrunning) - luaC_fullgc(L, 1); /* force a GC whenever possible */ -#endif - newblock = (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, block, osize, nsize); - if (newblock == NULL && nsize > 0) { - lua_assert(nsize > realosize); /* cannot fail when shrinking a block */ - if (g->version) { /* is state fully built? */ - luaC_fullgc(L, 1); /* try to free some memory... */ - newblock = (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, block, osize, nsize); /* try again */ - } - if (newblock == NULL) - luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRMEM); - } - lua_assert((nsize == 0) == (newblock == NULL)); - g->GCdebt = (g->GCdebt + nsize) - realosize; - return newblock; -} - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lmem.h b/lua-5.3.3/src/lmem.h deleted file mode 100644 index 30f4848..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lmem.h +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lmem.h,v 1.43 2014/12/19 17:26:14 roberto Exp $ -** Interface to Memory Manager -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#ifndef lmem_h -#define lmem_h - - -#include - -#include "llimits.h" -#include "lua.h" - - -/* -** This macro reallocs a vector 'b' from 'on' to 'n' elements, where -** each element has size 'e'. In case of arithmetic overflow of the -** product 'n'*'e', it raises an error (calling 'luaM_toobig'). Because -** 'e' is always constant, it avoids the runtime division MAX_SIZET/(e). -** -** (The macro is somewhat complex to avoid warnings: The 'sizeof' -** comparison avoids a runtime comparison when overflow cannot occur. -** The compiler should be able to optimize the real test by itself, but -** when it does it, it may give a warning about "comparison is always -** false due to limited range of data type"; the +1 tricks the compiler, -** avoiding this warning but also this optimization.) -*/ -#define luaM_reallocv(L,b,on,n,e) \ - (((sizeof(n) >= sizeof(size_t) && cast(size_t, (n)) + 1 > MAX_SIZET/(e)) \ - ? luaM_toobig(L) : cast_void(0)) , \ - luaM_realloc_(L, (b), (on)*(e), (n)*(e))) - -/* -** Arrays of chars do not need any test -*/ -#define luaM_reallocvchar(L,b,on,n) \ - cast(char *, luaM_realloc_(L, (b), (on)*sizeof(char), (n)*sizeof(char))) - -#define luaM_freemem(L, b, s) luaM_realloc_(L, (b), (s), 0) -#define luaM_free(L, b) luaM_realloc_(L, (b), sizeof(*(b)), 0) -#define luaM_freearray(L, b, n) luaM_realloc_(L, (b), (n)*sizeof(*(b)), 0) - -#define luaM_malloc(L,s) luaM_realloc_(L, NULL, 0, (s)) -#define luaM_new(L,t) cast(t *, luaM_malloc(L, sizeof(t))) -#define luaM_newvector(L,n,t) \ - cast(t *, luaM_reallocv(L, NULL, 0, n, sizeof(t))) - -#define luaM_newobject(L,tag,s) luaM_realloc_(L, NULL, tag, (s)) - -#define luaM_growvector(L,v,nelems,size,t,limit,e) \ - if ((nelems)+1 > (size)) \ - ((v)=cast(t *, luaM_growaux_(L,v,&(size),sizeof(t),limit,e))) - -#define luaM_reallocvector(L, v,oldn,n,t) \ - ((v)=cast(t *, luaM_reallocv(L, v, oldn, n, sizeof(t)))) - -LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaM_toobig (lua_State *L); - -/* not to be called directly */ -LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_realloc_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t oldsize, - size_t size); -LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_growaux_ (lua_State *L, void *block, int *size, - size_t size_elem, int limit, - const char *what); - -#endif - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lobject.h b/lua-5.3.3/src/lobject.h deleted file mode 100644 index 2d52b41..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lobject.h +++ /dev/null @@ -1,549 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lobject.h,v 2.116 2015/11/03 18:33:10 roberto Exp $ -** Type definitions for Lua objects -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - - -#ifndef lobject_h -#define lobject_h - - -#include - - -#include "llimits.h" -#include "lua.h" - - -/* -** Extra tags for non-values -*/ -#define LUA_TPROTO LUA_NUMTAGS /* function prototypes */ -#define LUA_TDEADKEY (LUA_NUMTAGS+1) /* removed keys in tables */ - -/* -** number of all possible tags (including LUA_TNONE but excluding DEADKEY) -*/ -#define LUA_TOTALTAGS (LUA_TPROTO + 2) - - -/* -** tags for Tagged Values have the following use of bits: -** bits 0-3: actual tag (a LUA_T* value) -** bits 4-5: variant bits -** bit 6: whether value is collectable -*/ - - -/* -** LUA_TFUNCTION variants: -** 0 - Lua function -** 1 - light C function -** 2 - regular C function (closure) -*/ - -/* Variant tags for functions */ -#define LUA_TLCL (LUA_TFUNCTION | (0 << 4)) /* Lua closure */ -#define LUA_TLCF (LUA_TFUNCTION | (1 << 4)) /* light C function */ -#define LUA_TCCL (LUA_TFUNCTION | (2 << 4)) /* C closure */ - - -/* Variant tags for strings */ -#define LUA_TSHRSTR (LUA_TSTRING | (0 << 4)) /* short strings */ -#define LUA_TLNGSTR (LUA_TSTRING | (1 << 4)) /* long strings */ - - -/* Variant tags for numbers */ -#define LUA_TNUMFLT (LUA_TNUMBER | (0 << 4)) /* float numbers */ -#define LUA_TNUMINT (LUA_TNUMBER | (1 << 4)) /* integer numbers */ - - -/* Bit mark for collectable types */ -#define BIT_ISCOLLECTABLE (1 << 6) - -/* mark a tag as collectable */ -#define ctb(t) ((t) | BIT_ISCOLLECTABLE) - - -/* -** Common type for all collectable objects -*/ -typedef struct GCObject GCObject; - - -/* -** Common Header for all collectable objects (in macro form, to be -** included in other objects) -*/ -#define CommonHeader GCObject *next; lu_byte tt; lu_byte marked - - -/* -** Common type has only the common header -*/ -struct GCObject { - CommonHeader; -}; - - - - -/* -** Tagged Values. This is the basic representation of values in Lua, -** an actual value plus a tag with its type. -*/ - -/* -** Union of all Lua values -*/ -typedef union Value { - GCObject *gc; /* collectable objects */ - void *p; /* light userdata */ - int b; /* booleans */ - lua_CFunction f; /* light C functions */ - lua_Integer i; /* integer numbers */ - lua_Number n; /* float numbers */ -} Value; - - -#define TValuefields Value value_; int tt_ - - -typedef struct lua_TValue { - TValuefields; -} TValue; - - - -/* macro defining a nil value */ -#define NILCONSTANT {NULL}, LUA_TNIL - - -#define val_(o) ((o)->value_) - - -/* raw type tag of a TValue */ -#define rttype(o) ((o)->tt_) - -/* tag with no variants (bits 0-3) */ -#define novariant(x) ((x) & 0x0F) - -/* type tag of a TValue (bits 0-3 for tags + variant bits 4-5) */ -#define ttype(o) (rttype(o) & 0x3F) - -/* type tag of a TValue with no variants (bits 0-3) */ -#define ttnov(o) (novariant(rttype(o))) - - -/* Macros to test type */ -#define checktag(o,t) (rttype(o) == (t)) -#define checktype(o,t) (ttnov(o) == (t)) -#define ttisnumber(o) checktype((o), LUA_TNUMBER) -#define ttisfloat(o) checktag((o), LUA_TNUMFLT) -#define ttisinteger(o) checktag((o), LUA_TNUMINT) -#define ttisnil(o) checktag((o), LUA_TNIL) -#define ttisboolean(o) checktag((o), LUA_TBOOLEAN) -#define ttislightuserdata(o) checktag((o), LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA) -#define ttisstring(o) checktype((o), LUA_TSTRING) -#define ttisshrstring(o) checktag((o), ctb(LUA_TSHRSTR)) -#define ttislngstring(o) checktag((o), ctb(LUA_TLNGSTR)) -#define ttistable(o) checktag((o), ctb(LUA_TTABLE)) -#define ttisfunction(o) checktype(o, LUA_TFUNCTION) -#define ttisclosure(o) ((rttype(o) & 0x1F) == LUA_TFUNCTION) -#define ttisCclosure(o) checktag((o), ctb(LUA_TCCL)) -#define ttisLclosure(o) checktag((o), ctb(LUA_TLCL)) -#define ttislcf(o) checktag((o), LUA_TLCF) -#define ttisfulluserdata(o) checktag((o), ctb(LUA_TUSERDATA)) -#define ttisthread(o) checktag((o), ctb(LUA_TTHREAD)) -#define ttisdeadkey(o) checktag((o), LUA_TDEADKEY) - - -/* Macros to access values */ -#define ivalue(o) check_exp(ttisinteger(o), val_(o).i) -#define fltvalue(o) check_exp(ttisfloat(o), val_(o).n) -#define nvalue(o) check_exp(ttisnumber(o), \ - (ttisinteger(o) ? cast_num(ivalue(o)) : fltvalue(o))) -#define gcvalue(o) check_exp(iscollectable(o), val_(o).gc) -#define pvalue(o) check_exp(ttislightuserdata(o), val_(o).p) -#define tsvalue(o) check_exp(ttisstring(o), gco2ts(val_(o).gc)) -#define uvalue(o) check_exp(ttisfulluserdata(o), gco2u(val_(o).gc)) -#define clvalue(o) check_exp(ttisclosure(o), gco2cl(val_(o).gc)) -#define clLvalue(o) check_exp(ttisLclosure(o), gco2lcl(val_(o).gc)) -#define clCvalue(o) check_exp(ttisCclosure(o), gco2ccl(val_(o).gc)) -#define fvalue(o) check_exp(ttislcf(o), val_(o).f) -#define hvalue(o) check_exp(ttistable(o), gco2t(val_(o).gc)) -#define bvalue(o) check_exp(ttisboolean(o), val_(o).b) -#define thvalue(o) check_exp(ttisthread(o), gco2th(val_(o).gc)) -/* a dead value may get the 'gc' field, but cannot access its contents */ -#define deadvalue(o) check_exp(ttisdeadkey(o), cast(void *, val_(o).gc)) - -#define l_isfalse(o) (ttisnil(o) || (ttisboolean(o) && bvalue(o) == 0)) - - -#define iscollectable(o) (rttype(o) & BIT_ISCOLLECTABLE) - - -/* Macros for internal tests */ -#define righttt(obj) (ttype(obj) == gcvalue(obj)->tt) - -#define checkliveness(L,obj) \ - lua_longassert(!iscollectable(obj) || \ - (righttt(obj) && (L == NULL || !isdead(G(L),gcvalue(obj))))) - - -/* Macros to set values */ -#define settt_(o,t) ((o)->tt_=(t)) - -#define setfltvalue(obj,x) \ - { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).n=(x); settt_(io, LUA_TNUMFLT); } - -#define chgfltvalue(obj,x) \ - { TValue *io=(obj); lua_assert(ttisfloat(io)); val_(io).n=(x); } - -#define setivalue(obj,x) \ - { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).i=(x); settt_(io, LUA_TNUMINT); } - -#define chgivalue(obj,x) \ - { TValue *io=(obj); lua_assert(ttisinteger(io)); val_(io).i=(x); } - -#define setnilvalue(obj) settt_(obj, LUA_TNIL) - -#define setfvalue(obj,x) \ - { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).f=(x); settt_(io, LUA_TLCF); } - -#define setpvalue(obj,x) \ - { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).p=(x); settt_(io, LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA); } - -#define setbvalue(obj,x) \ - { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).b=(x); settt_(io, LUA_TBOOLEAN); } - -#define setgcovalue(L,obj,x) \ - { TValue *io = (obj); GCObject *i_g=(x); \ - val_(io).gc = i_g; settt_(io, ctb(i_g->tt)); } - -#define setsvalue(L,obj,x) \ - { TValue *io = (obj); TString *x_ = (x); \ - val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(x_->tt)); \ - checkliveness(L,io); } - -#define setuvalue(L,obj,x) \ - { TValue *io = (obj); Udata *x_ = (x); \ - val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_TUSERDATA)); \ - checkliveness(L,io); } - -#define setthvalue(L,obj,x) \ - { TValue *io = (obj); lua_State *x_ = (x); \ - val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_TTHREAD)); \ - checkliveness(L,io); } - -#define setclLvalue(L,obj,x) \ - { TValue *io = (obj); LClosure *x_ = (x); \ - val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_TLCL)); \ - checkliveness(L,io); } - -#define setclCvalue(L,obj,x) \ - { TValue *io = (obj); CClosure *x_ = (x); \ - val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_TCCL)); \ - checkliveness(L,io); } - -#define sethvalue(L,obj,x) \ - { TValue *io = (obj); Table *x_ = (x); \ - val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_TTABLE)); \ - checkliveness(L,io); } - -#define setdeadvalue(obj) settt_(obj, LUA_TDEADKEY) - - - -#define setobj(L,obj1,obj2) \ - { TValue *io1=(obj1); *io1 = *(obj2); \ - (void)L; checkliveness(L,io1); } - - -/* -** different types of assignments, according to destination -*/ - -/* from stack to (same) stack */ -#define setobjs2s setobj -/* to stack (not from same stack) */ -#define setobj2s setobj -#define setsvalue2s setsvalue -#define sethvalue2s sethvalue -#define setptvalue2s setptvalue -/* from table to same table */ -#define setobjt2t setobj -/* to new object */ -#define setobj2n setobj -#define setsvalue2n setsvalue - -/* to table (define it as an expression to be used in macros) */ -#define setobj2t(L,o1,o2) ((void)L, *(o1)=*(o2), checkliveness(L,(o1))) - - - - -/* -** {====================================================== -** types and prototypes -** ======================================================= -*/ - - -typedef TValue *StkId; /* index to stack elements */ - - - - -/* -** Header for string value; string bytes follow the end of this structure -** (aligned according to 'UTString'; see next). -*/ -typedef struct TString { - CommonHeader; - lu_byte extra; /* reserved words for short strings; "has hash" for longs */ - lu_byte shrlen; /* length for short strings */ - unsigned int hash; - union { - size_t lnglen; /* length for long strings */ - struct TString *hnext; /* linked list for hash table */ - } u; -} TString; - - -/* -** Ensures that address after this type is always fully aligned. -*/ -typedef union UTString { - L_Umaxalign dummy; /* ensures maximum alignment for strings */ - TString tsv; -} UTString; - - -/* -** Get the actual string (array of bytes) from a 'TString'. -** (Access to 'extra' ensures that value is really a 'TString'.) -*/ -#define getstr(ts) \ - check_exp(sizeof((ts)->extra), cast(char *, (ts)) + sizeof(UTString)) - - -/* get the actual string (array of bytes) from a Lua value */ -#define svalue(o) getstr(tsvalue(o)) - -/* get string length from 'TString *s' */ -#define tsslen(s) ((s)->tt == LUA_TSHRSTR ? (s)->shrlen : (s)->u.lnglen) - -/* get string length from 'TValue *o' */ -#define vslen(o) tsslen(tsvalue(o)) - - -/* -** Header for userdata; memory area follows the end of this structure -** (aligned according to 'UUdata'; see next). -*/ -typedef struct Udata { - CommonHeader; - lu_byte ttuv_; /* user value's tag */ - struct Table *metatable; - size_t len; /* number of bytes */ - union Value user_; /* user value */ -} Udata; - - -/* -** Ensures that address after this type is always fully aligned. -*/ -typedef union UUdata { - L_Umaxalign dummy; /* ensures maximum alignment for 'local' udata */ - Udata uv; -} UUdata; - - -/* -** Get the address of memory block inside 'Udata'. -** (Access to 'ttuv_' ensures that value is really a 'Udata'.) -*/ -#define getudatamem(u) \ - check_exp(sizeof((u)->ttuv_), (cast(char*, (u)) + sizeof(UUdata))) - -#define setuservalue(L,u,o) \ - { const TValue *io=(o); Udata *iu = (u); \ - iu->user_ = io->value_; iu->ttuv_ = rttype(io); \ - checkliveness(L,io); } - - -#define getuservalue(L,u,o) \ - { TValue *io=(o); const Udata *iu = (u); \ - io->value_ = iu->user_; settt_(io, iu->ttuv_); \ - checkliveness(L,io); } - - -/* -** Description of an upvalue for function prototypes -*/ -typedef struct Upvaldesc { - TString *name; /* upvalue name (for debug information) */ - lu_byte instack; /* whether it is in stack (register) */ - lu_byte idx; /* index of upvalue (in stack or in outer function's list) */ -} Upvaldesc; - - -/* -** Description of a local variable for function prototypes -** (used for debug information) -*/ -typedef struct LocVar { - TString *varname; - int startpc; /* first point where variable is active */ - int endpc; /* first point where variable is dead */ -} LocVar; - - -/* -** Function Prototypes -*/ -typedef struct Proto { - CommonHeader; - lu_byte numparams; /* number of fixed parameters */ - lu_byte is_vararg; /* 2: declared vararg; 1: uses vararg */ - lu_byte maxstacksize; /* number of registers needed by this function */ - int sizeupvalues; /* size of 'upvalues' */ - int sizek; /* size of 'k' */ - int sizecode; - int sizelineinfo; - int sizep; /* size of 'p' */ - int sizelocvars; - int linedefined; /* debug information */ - int lastlinedefined; /* debug information */ - TValue *k; /* constants used by the function */ - Instruction *code; /* opcodes */ - struct Proto **p; /* functions defined inside the function */ - int *lineinfo; /* map from opcodes to source lines (debug information) */ - LocVar *locvars; /* information about local variables (debug information) */ - Upvaldesc *upvalues; /* upvalue information */ - struct LClosure *cache; /* last-created closure with this prototype */ - TString *source; /* used for debug information */ - GCObject *gclist; -} Proto; - - - -/* -** Lua Upvalues -*/ -typedef struct UpVal UpVal; - - -/* -** Closures -*/ - -#define ClosureHeader \ - CommonHeader; lu_byte nupvalues; GCObject *gclist - -typedef struct CClosure { - ClosureHeader; - lua_CFunction f; - TValue upvalue[1]; /* list of upvalues */ -} CClosure; - - -typedef struct LClosure { - ClosureHeader; - struct Proto *p; - UpVal *upvals[1]; /* list of upvalues */ -} LClosure; - - -typedef union Closure { - CClosure c; - LClosure l; -} Closure; - - -#define isLfunction(o) ttisLclosure(o) - -#define getproto(o) (clLvalue(o)->p) - - -/* -** Tables -*/ - -typedef union TKey { - struct { - TValuefields; - int next; /* for chaining (offset for next node) */ - } nk; - TValue tvk; -} TKey; - - -/* copy a value into a key without messing up field 'next' */ -#define setnodekey(L,key,obj) \ - { TKey *k_=(key); const TValue *io_=(obj); \ - k_->nk.value_ = io_->value_; k_->nk.tt_ = io_->tt_; \ - (void)L; checkliveness(L,io_); } - - -typedef struct Node { - TValue i_val; - TKey i_key; -} Node; - - -typedef struct Table { - CommonHeader; - lu_byte flags; /* 1<

lsizenode)) - - -/* -** (address of) a fixed nil value -*/ -#define luaO_nilobject (&luaO_nilobject_) - - -LUAI_DDEC const TValue luaO_nilobject_; - -/* size of buffer for 'luaO_utf8esc' function */ -#define UTF8BUFFSZ 8 - -LUAI_FUNC int luaO_int2fb (unsigned int x); -LUAI_FUNC int luaO_fb2int (int x); -LUAI_FUNC int luaO_utf8esc (char *buff, unsigned long x); -LUAI_FUNC int luaO_ceillog2 (unsigned int x); -LUAI_FUNC void luaO_arith (lua_State *L, int op, const TValue *p1, - const TValue *p2, TValue *res); -LUAI_FUNC size_t luaO_str2num (const char *s, TValue *o); -LUAI_FUNC int luaO_hexavalue (int c); -LUAI_FUNC void luaO_tostring (lua_State *L, StkId obj); -LUAI_FUNC const char *luaO_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, - va_list argp); -LUAI_FUNC const char *luaO_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...); -LUAI_FUNC void luaO_chunkid (char *out, const char *source, size_t len); - - -#endif - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lopcodes.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lopcodes.c deleted file mode 100644 index a1cbef8..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lopcodes.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,124 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lopcodes.c,v 1.55 2015/01/05 13:48:33 roberto Exp $ -** Opcodes for Lua virtual machine -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lopcodes_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include - -#include "lopcodes.h" - - -/* ORDER OP */ - -LUAI_DDEF const char *const luaP_opnames[NUM_OPCODES+1] = { - "MOVE", - "LOADK", - "LOADKX", - "LOADBOOL", - "LOADNIL", - "GETUPVAL", - "GETTABUP", - "GETTABLE", - "SETTABUP", - "SETUPVAL", - "SETTABLE", - "NEWTABLE", - "SELF", - "ADD", - "SUB", - "MUL", - "MOD", - "POW", - "DIV", - "IDIV", - "BAND", - "BOR", - "BXOR", - "SHL", - "SHR", - "UNM", - "BNOT", - "NOT", - "LEN", - "CONCAT", - "JMP", - "EQ", - "LT", - "LE", - "TEST", - "TESTSET", - "CALL", - "TAILCALL", - "RETURN", - "FORLOOP", - "FORPREP", - "TFORCALL", - "TFORLOOP", - "SETLIST", - "CLOSURE", - "VARARG", - "EXTRAARG", - NULL -}; - - -#define opmode(t,a,b,c,m) (((t)<<7) | ((a)<<6) | ((b)<<4) | ((c)<<2) | (m)) - -LUAI_DDEF const lu_byte luaP_opmodes[NUM_OPCODES] = { -/* T A B C mode opcode */ - opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_MOVE */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgN, iABx) /* OP_LOADK */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgN, OpArgN, iABx) /* OP_LOADKX */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_LOADBOOL */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_LOADNIL */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_GETUPVAL */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_GETTABUP */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_GETTABLE */ - ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SETTABUP */ - ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_SETUPVAL */ - ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SETTABLE */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_NEWTABLE */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SELF */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_ADD */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SUB */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_MUL */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_MOD */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_POW */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_DIV */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_IDIV */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_BAND */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_BOR */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_BXOR */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SHL */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SHR */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_UNM */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_BNOT */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_NOT */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_LEN */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgR, iABC) /* OP_CONCAT */ - ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgR, OpArgN, iAsBx) /* OP_JMP */ - ,opmode(1, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_EQ */ - ,opmode(1, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_LT */ - ,opmode(1, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_LE */ - ,opmode(1, 0, OpArgN, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_TEST */ - ,opmode(1, 1, OpArgR, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_TESTSET */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_CALL */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_TAILCALL */ - ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_RETURN */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iAsBx) /* OP_FORLOOP */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iAsBx) /* OP_FORPREP */ - ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgN, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_TFORCALL */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iAsBx) /* OP_TFORLOOP */ - ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_SETLIST */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABx) /* OP_CLOSURE */ - ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_VARARG */ - ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgU, OpArgU, iAx) /* OP_EXTRAARG */ -}; - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lopcodes.h b/lua-5.3.3/src/lopcodes.h deleted file mode 100644 index 864b8e4..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lopcodes.h +++ /dev/null @@ -1,295 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lopcodes.h,v 1.148 2014/10/25 11:50:46 roberto Exp $ -** Opcodes for Lua virtual machine -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#ifndef lopcodes_h -#define lopcodes_h - -#include "llimits.h" - - -/*=========================================================================== - We assume that instructions are unsigned numbers. - All instructions have an opcode in the first 6 bits. - Instructions can have the following fields: - 'A' : 8 bits - 'B' : 9 bits - 'C' : 9 bits - 'Ax' : 26 bits ('A', 'B', and 'C' together) - 'Bx' : 18 bits ('B' and 'C' together) - 'sBx' : signed Bx - - A signed argument is represented in excess K; that is, the number - value is the unsigned value minus K. K is exactly the maximum value - for that argument (so that -max is represented by 0, and +max is - represented by 2*max), which is half the maximum for the corresponding - unsigned argument. -===========================================================================*/ - - -enum OpMode {iABC, iABx, iAsBx, iAx}; /* basic instruction format */ - - -/* -** size and position of opcode arguments. -*/ -#define SIZE_C 9 -#define SIZE_B 9 -#define SIZE_Bx (SIZE_C + SIZE_B) -#define SIZE_A 8 -#define SIZE_Ax (SIZE_C + SIZE_B + SIZE_A) - -#define SIZE_OP 6 - -#define POS_OP 0 -#define POS_A (POS_OP + SIZE_OP) -#define POS_C (POS_A + SIZE_A) -#define POS_B (POS_C + SIZE_C) -#define POS_Bx POS_C -#define POS_Ax POS_A - - -/* -** limits for opcode arguments. -** we use (signed) int to manipulate most arguments, -** so they must fit in LUAI_BITSINT-1 bits (-1 for sign) -*/ -#if SIZE_Bx < LUAI_BITSINT-1 -#define MAXARG_Bx ((1<>1) /* 'sBx' is signed */ -#else -#define MAXARG_Bx MAX_INT -#define MAXARG_sBx MAX_INT -#endif - -#if SIZE_Ax < LUAI_BITSINT-1 -#define MAXARG_Ax ((1<>POS_OP) & MASK1(SIZE_OP,0))) -#define SET_OPCODE(i,o) ((i) = (((i)&MASK0(SIZE_OP,POS_OP)) | \ - ((cast(Instruction, o)<>pos) & MASK1(size,0))) -#define setarg(i,v,pos,size) ((i) = (((i)&MASK0(size,pos)) | \ - ((cast(Instruction, v)<> RK(C) */ -OP_UNM,/* A B R(A) := -R(B) */ -OP_BNOT,/* A B R(A) := ~R(B) */ -OP_NOT,/* A B R(A) := not R(B) */ -OP_LEN,/* A B R(A) := length of R(B) */ - -OP_CONCAT,/* A B C R(A) := R(B).. ... ..R(C) */ - -OP_JMP,/* A sBx pc+=sBx; if (A) close all upvalues >= R(A - 1) */ -OP_EQ,/* A B C if ((RK(B) == RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++ */ -OP_LT,/* A B C if ((RK(B) < RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++ */ -OP_LE,/* A B C if ((RK(B) <= RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++ */ - -OP_TEST,/* A C if not (R(A) <=> C) then pc++ */ -OP_TESTSET,/* A B C if (R(B) <=> C) then R(A) := R(B) else pc++ */ - -OP_CALL,/* A B C R(A), ... ,R(A+C-2) := R(A)(R(A+1), ... ,R(A+B-1)) */ -OP_TAILCALL,/* A B C return R(A)(R(A+1), ... ,R(A+B-1)) */ -OP_RETURN,/* A B return R(A), ... ,R(A+B-2) (see note) */ - -OP_FORLOOP,/* A sBx R(A)+=R(A+2); - if R(A) > 4) & 3)) -#define getCMode(m) (cast(enum OpArgMask, (luaP_opmodes[m] >> 2) & 3)) -#define testAMode(m) (luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 6)) -#define testTMode(m) (luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 7)) - - -LUAI_DDEC const char *const luaP_opnames[NUM_OPCODES+1]; /* opcode names */ - - -/* number of list items to accumulate before a SETLIST instruction */ -#define LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH 50 - - -#endif diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lstate.h b/lua-5.3.3/src/lstate.h deleted file mode 100644 index b3033be..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lstate.h +++ /dev/null @@ -1,234 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lstate.h,v 2.130 2015/12/16 16:39:38 roberto Exp $ -** Global State -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#ifndef lstate_h -#define lstate_h - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "lobject.h" -#include "ltm.h" -#include "lzio.h" - - -/* - -** Some notes about garbage-collected objects: All objects in Lua must -** be kept somehow accessible until being freed, so all objects always -** belong to one (and only one) of these lists, using field 'next' of -** the 'CommonHeader' for the link: -** -** 'allgc': all objects not marked for finalization; -** 'finobj': all objects marked for finalization; -** 'tobefnz': all objects ready to be finalized; -** 'fixedgc': all objects that are not to be collected (currently -** only small strings, such as reserved words). - -*/ - - -struct lua_longjmp; /* defined in ldo.c */ - - -/* -** Atomic type (relative to signals) to better ensure that 'lua_sethook' -** is thread safe -*/ -#if !defined(l_signalT) -#include -#define l_signalT sig_atomic_t -#endif - - -/* extra stack space to handle TM calls and some other extras */ -#define EXTRA_STACK 5 - - -#define BASIC_STACK_SIZE (2*LUA_MINSTACK) - - -/* kinds of Garbage Collection */ -#define KGC_NORMAL 0 -#define KGC_EMERGENCY 1 /* gc was forced by an allocation failure */ - - -typedef struct stringtable { - TString **hash; - int nuse; /* number of elements */ - int size; -} stringtable; - - -/* -** Information about a call. -** When a thread yields, 'func' is adjusted to pretend that the -** top function has only the yielded values in its stack; in that -** case, the actual 'func' value is saved in field 'extra'. -** When a function calls another with a continuation, 'extra' keeps -** the function index so that, in case of errors, the continuation -** function can be called with the correct top. -*/ -typedef struct CallInfo { - StkId func; /* function index in the stack */ - StkId top; /* top for this function */ - struct CallInfo *previous, *next; /* dynamic call link */ - union { - struct { /* only for Lua functions */ - StkId base; /* base for this function */ - const Instruction *savedpc; - } l; - struct { /* only for C functions */ - lua_KFunction k; /* continuation in case of yields */ - ptrdiff_t old_errfunc; - lua_KContext ctx; /* context info. in case of yields */ - } c; - } u; - ptrdiff_t extra; - short nresults; /* expected number of results from this function */ - lu_byte callstatus; -} CallInfo; - - -/* -** Bits in CallInfo status -*/ -#define CIST_OAH (1<<0) /* original value of 'allowhook' */ -#define CIST_LUA (1<<1) /* call is running a Lua function */ -#define CIST_HOOKED (1<<2) /* call is running a debug hook */ -#define CIST_FRESH (1<<3) /* call is running on a fresh invocation - of luaV_execute */ -#define CIST_YPCALL (1<<4) /* call is a yieldable protected call */ -#define CIST_TAIL (1<<5) /* call was tail called */ -#define CIST_HOOKYIELD (1<<6) /* last hook called yielded */ -#define CIST_LEQ (1<<7) /* using __lt for __le */ - -#define isLua(ci) ((ci)->callstatus & CIST_LUA) - -/* assume that CIST_OAH has offset 0 and that 'v' is strictly 0/1 */ -#define setoah(st,v) ((st) = ((st) & ~CIST_OAH) | (v)) -#define getoah(st) ((st) & CIST_OAH) - - -/* -** 'global state', shared by all threads of this state -*/ -typedef struct global_State { - lua_Alloc frealloc; /* function to reallocate memory */ - void *ud; /* auxiliary data to 'frealloc' */ - l_mem totalbytes; /* number of bytes currently allocated - GCdebt */ - l_mem GCdebt; /* bytes allocated not yet compensated by the collector */ - lu_mem GCmemtrav; /* memory traversed by the GC */ - lu_mem GCestimate; /* an estimate of the non-garbage memory in use */ - stringtable strt; /* hash table for strings */ - TValue l_registry; - unsigned int seed; /* randomized seed for hashes */ - lu_byte currentwhite; - lu_byte gcstate; /* state of garbage collector */ - lu_byte gckind; /* kind of GC running */ - lu_byte gcrunning; /* true if GC is running */ - GCObject *allgc; /* list of all collectable objects */ - GCObject **sweepgc; /* current position of sweep in list */ - GCObject *finobj; /* list of collectable objects with finalizers */ - GCObject *gray; /* list of gray objects */ - GCObject *grayagain; /* list of objects to be traversed atomically */ - GCObject *weak; /* list of tables with weak values */ - GCObject *ephemeron; /* list of ephemeron tables (weak keys) */ - GCObject *allweak; /* list of all-weak tables */ - GCObject *tobefnz; /* list of userdata to be GC */ - GCObject *fixedgc; /* list of objects not to be collected */ - struct lua_State *twups; /* list of threads with open upvalues */ - unsigned int gcfinnum; /* number of finalizers to call in each GC step */ - int gcpause; /* size of pause between successive GCs */ - int gcstepmul; /* GC 'granularity' */ - lua_CFunction panic; /* to be called in unprotected errors */ - struct lua_State *mainthread; - const lua_Number *version; /* pointer to version number */ - TString *memerrmsg; /* memory-error message */ - TString *tmname[TM_N]; /* array with tag-method names */ - struct Table *mt[LUA_NUMTAGS]; /* metatables for basic types */ - TString *strcache[STRCACHE_N][STRCACHE_M]; /* cache for strings in API */ -} global_State; - - -/* -** 'per thread' state -*/ -struct lua_State { - CommonHeader; - unsigned short nci; /* number of items in 'ci' list */ - lu_byte status; - StkId top; /* first free slot in the stack */ - global_State *l_G; - CallInfo *ci; /* call info for current function */ - const Instruction *oldpc; /* last pc traced */ - StkId stack_last; /* last free slot in the stack */ - StkId stack; /* stack base */ - UpVal *openupval; /* list of open upvalues in this stack */ - GCObject *gclist; - struct lua_State *twups; /* list of threads with open upvalues */ - struct lua_longjmp *errorJmp; /* current error recover point */ - CallInfo base_ci; /* CallInfo for first level (C calling Lua) */ - volatile lua_Hook hook; - ptrdiff_t errfunc; /* current error handling function (stack index) */ - int stacksize; - int basehookcount; - int hookcount; - unsigned short nny; /* number of non-yieldable calls in stack */ - unsigned short nCcalls; /* number of nested C calls */ - l_signalT hookmask; - lu_byte allowhook; -}; - - -#define G(L) (L->l_G) - - -/* -** Union of all collectable objects (only for conversions) -*/ -union GCUnion { - GCObject gc; /* common header */ - struct TString ts; - struct Udata u; - union Closure cl; - struct Table h; - struct Proto p; - struct lua_State th; /* thread */ -}; - - -#define cast_u(o) cast(union GCUnion *, (o)) - -/* macros to convert a GCObject into a specific value */ -#define gco2ts(o) \ - check_exp(novariant((o)->tt) == LUA_TSTRING, &((cast_u(o))->ts)) -#define gco2u(o) check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_TUSERDATA, &((cast_u(o))->u)) -#define gco2lcl(o) check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_TLCL, &((cast_u(o))->cl.l)) -#define gco2ccl(o) check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_TCCL, &((cast_u(o))->cl.c)) -#define gco2cl(o) \ - check_exp(novariant((o)->tt) == LUA_TFUNCTION, &((cast_u(o))->cl)) -#define gco2t(o) check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_TTABLE, &((cast_u(o))->h)) -#define gco2p(o) check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_TPROTO, &((cast_u(o))->p)) -#define gco2th(o) check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_TTHREAD, &((cast_u(o))->th)) - - -/* macro to convert a Lua object into a GCObject */ -#define obj2gco(v) \ - check_exp(novariant((v)->tt) < LUA_TDEADKEY, (&(cast_u(v)->gc))) - - -/* actual number of total bytes allocated */ -#define gettotalbytes(g) cast(lu_mem, (g)->totalbytes + (g)->GCdebt) - -LUAI_FUNC void luaE_setdebt (global_State *g, l_mem debt); -LUAI_FUNC void luaE_freethread (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1); -LUAI_FUNC CallInfo *luaE_extendCI (lua_State *L); -LUAI_FUNC void luaE_freeCI (lua_State *L); -LUAI_FUNC void luaE_shrinkCI (lua_State *L); - - -#endif - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/ltable.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/ltable.c deleted file mode 100644 index 7e15b71..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/ltable.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,669 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: ltable.c,v 2.117 2015/11/19 19:16:22 roberto Exp $ -** Lua tables (hash) -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define ltable_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -/* -** Implementation of tables (aka arrays, objects, or hash tables). -** Tables keep its elements in two parts: an array part and a hash part. -** Non-negative integer keys are all candidates to be kept in the array -** part. The actual size of the array is the largest 'n' such that -** more than half the slots between 1 and n are in use. -** Hash uses a mix of chained scatter table with Brent's variation. -** A main invariant of these tables is that, if an element is not -** in its main position (i.e. the 'original' position that its hash gives -** to it), then the colliding element is in its own main position. -** Hence even when the load factor reaches 100%, performance remains good. -*/ - -#include -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "ldebug.h" -#include "ldo.h" -#include "lgc.h" -#include "lmem.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lstate.h" -#include "lstring.h" -#include "ltable.h" -#include "lvm.h" - - -/* -** Maximum size of array part (MAXASIZE) is 2^MAXABITS. MAXABITS is -** the largest integer such that MAXASIZE fits in an unsigned int. -*/ -#define MAXABITS cast_int(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT - 1) -#define MAXASIZE (1u << MAXABITS) - -/* -** Maximum size of hash part is 2^MAXHBITS. MAXHBITS is the largest -** integer such that 2^MAXHBITS fits in a signed int. (Note that the -** maximum number of elements in a table, 2^MAXABITS + 2^MAXHBITS, still -** fits comfortably in an unsigned int.) -*/ -#define MAXHBITS (MAXABITS - 1) - - -#define hashpow2(t,n) (gnode(t, lmod((n), sizenode(t)))) - -#define hashstr(t,str) hashpow2(t, (str)->hash) -#define hashboolean(t,p) hashpow2(t, p) -#define hashint(t,i) hashpow2(t, i) - - -/* -** for some types, it is better to avoid modulus by power of 2, as -** they tend to have many 2 factors. -*/ -#define hashmod(t,n) (gnode(t, ((n) % ((sizenode(t)-1)|1)))) - - -#define hashpointer(t,p) hashmod(t, point2uint(p)) - - -#define dummynode (&dummynode_) - -#define isdummy(n) ((n) == dummynode) - -static const Node dummynode_ = { - {NILCONSTANT}, /* value */ - {{NILCONSTANT, 0}} /* key */ -}; - - -/* -** Hash for floating-point numbers. -** The main computation should be just -** n = frexp(n, &i); return (n * INT_MAX) + i -** but there are some numerical subtleties. -** In a two-complement representation, INT_MAX does not has an exact -** representation as a float, but INT_MIN does; because the absolute -** value of 'frexp' is smaller than 1 (unless 'n' is inf/NaN), the -** absolute value of the product 'frexp * -INT_MIN' is smaller or equal -** to INT_MAX. Next, the use of 'unsigned int' avoids overflows when -** adding 'i'; the use of '~u' (instead of '-u') avoids problems with -** INT_MIN. -*/ -#if !defined(l_hashfloat) -static int l_hashfloat (lua_Number n) { - int i; - lua_Integer ni; - n = l_mathop(frexp)(n, &i) * -cast_num(INT_MIN); - if (!lua_numbertointeger(n, &ni)) { /* is 'n' inf/-inf/NaN? */ - lua_assert(luai_numisnan(n) || l_mathop(fabs)(n) == cast_num(HUGE_VAL)); - return 0; - } - else { /* normal case */ - unsigned int u = cast(unsigned int, i) + cast(unsigned int, ni); - return cast_int(u <= cast(unsigned int, INT_MAX) ? u : ~u); - } -} -#endif - - -/* -** returns the 'main' position of an element in a table (that is, the index -** of its hash value) -*/ -static Node *mainposition (const Table *t, const TValue *key) { - switch (ttype(key)) { - case LUA_TNUMINT: - return hashint(t, ivalue(key)); - case LUA_TNUMFLT: - return hashmod(t, l_hashfloat(fltvalue(key))); - case LUA_TSHRSTR: - return hashstr(t, tsvalue(key)); - case LUA_TLNGSTR: - return hashpow2(t, luaS_hashlongstr(tsvalue(key))); - case LUA_TBOOLEAN: - return hashboolean(t, bvalue(key)); - case LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: - return hashpointer(t, pvalue(key)); - case LUA_TLCF: - return hashpointer(t, fvalue(key)); - default: - lua_assert(!ttisdeadkey(key)); - return hashpointer(t, gcvalue(key)); - } -} - - -/* -** returns the index for 'key' if 'key' is an appropriate key to live in -** the array part of the table, 0 otherwise. -*/ -static unsigned int arrayindex (const TValue *key) { - if (ttisinteger(key)) { - lua_Integer k = ivalue(key); - if (0 < k && (lua_Unsigned)k <= MAXASIZE) - return cast(unsigned int, k); /* 'key' is an appropriate array index */ - } - return 0; /* 'key' did not match some condition */ -} - - -/* -** returns the index of a 'key' for table traversals. First goes all -** elements in the array part, then elements in the hash part. The -** beginning of a traversal is signaled by 0. -*/ -static unsigned int findindex (lua_State *L, Table *t, StkId key) { - unsigned int i; - if (ttisnil(key)) return 0; /* first iteration */ - i = arrayindex(key); - if (i != 0 && i <= t->sizearray) /* is 'key' inside array part? */ - return i; /* yes; that's the index */ - else { - int nx; - Node *n = mainposition(t, key); - for (;;) { /* check whether 'key' is somewhere in the chain */ - /* key may be dead already, but it is ok to use it in 'next' */ - if (luaV_rawequalobj(gkey(n), key) || - (ttisdeadkey(gkey(n)) && iscollectable(key) && - deadvalue(gkey(n)) == gcvalue(key))) { - i = cast_int(n - gnode(t, 0)); /* key index in hash table */ - /* hash elements are numbered after array ones */ - return (i + 1) + t->sizearray; - } - nx = gnext(n); - if (nx == 0) - luaG_runerror(L, "invalid key to 'next'"); /* key not found */ - else n += nx; - } - } -} - - -int luaH_next (lua_State *L, Table *t, StkId key) { - unsigned int i = findindex(L, t, key); /* find original element */ - for (; i < t->sizearray; i++) { /* try first array part */ - if (!ttisnil(&t->array[i])) { /* a non-nil value? */ - setivalue(key, i + 1); - setobj2s(L, key+1, &t->array[i]); - return 1; - } - } - for (i -= t->sizearray; cast_int(i) < sizenode(t); i++) { /* hash part */ - if (!ttisnil(gval(gnode(t, i)))) { /* a non-nil value? */ - setobj2s(L, key, gkey(gnode(t, i))); - setobj2s(L, key+1, gval(gnode(t, i))); - return 1; - } - } - return 0; /* no more elements */ -} - - -/* -** {============================================================= -** Rehash -** ============================================================== -*/ - -/* -** Compute the optimal size for the array part of table 't'. 'nums' is a -** "count array" where 'nums[i]' is the number of integers in the table -** between 2^(i - 1) + 1 and 2^i. 'pna' enters with the total number of -** integer keys in the table and leaves with the number of keys that -** will go to the array part; return the optimal size. -*/ -static unsigned int computesizes (unsigned int nums[], unsigned int *pna) { - int i; - unsigned int twotoi; /* 2^i (candidate for optimal size) */ - unsigned int a = 0; /* number of elements smaller than 2^i */ - unsigned int na = 0; /* number of elements to go to array part */ - unsigned int optimal = 0; /* optimal size for array part */ - /* loop while keys can fill more than half of total size */ - for (i = 0, twotoi = 1; *pna > twotoi / 2; i++, twotoi *= 2) { - if (nums[i] > 0) { - a += nums[i]; - if (a > twotoi/2) { /* more than half elements present? */ - optimal = twotoi; /* optimal size (till now) */ - na = a; /* all elements up to 'optimal' will go to array part */ - } - } - } - lua_assert((optimal == 0 || optimal / 2 < na) && na <= optimal); - *pna = na; - return optimal; -} - - -static int countint (const TValue *key, unsigned int *nums) { - unsigned int k = arrayindex(key); - if (k != 0) { /* is 'key' an appropriate array index? */ - nums[luaO_ceillog2(k)]++; /* count as such */ - return 1; - } - else - return 0; -} - - -/* -** Count keys in array part of table 't': Fill 'nums[i]' with -** number of keys that will go into corresponding slice and return -** total number of non-nil keys. -*/ -static unsigned int numusearray (const Table *t, unsigned int *nums) { - int lg; - unsigned int ttlg; /* 2^lg */ - unsigned int ause = 0; /* summation of 'nums' */ - unsigned int i = 1; /* count to traverse all array keys */ - /* traverse each slice */ - for (lg = 0, ttlg = 1; lg <= MAXABITS; lg++, ttlg *= 2) { - unsigned int lc = 0; /* counter */ - unsigned int lim = ttlg; - if (lim > t->sizearray) { - lim = t->sizearray; /* adjust upper limit */ - if (i > lim) - break; /* no more elements to count */ - } - /* count elements in range (2^(lg - 1), 2^lg] */ - for (; i <= lim; i++) { - if (!ttisnil(&t->array[i-1])) - lc++; - } - nums[lg] += lc; - ause += lc; - } - return ause; -} - - -static int numusehash (const Table *t, unsigned int *nums, unsigned int *pna) { - int totaluse = 0; /* total number of elements */ - int ause = 0; /* elements added to 'nums' (can go to array part) */ - int i = sizenode(t); - while (i--) { - Node *n = &t->node[i]; - if (!ttisnil(gval(n))) { - ause += countint(gkey(n), nums); - totaluse++; - } - } - *pna += ause; - return totaluse; -} - - -static void setarrayvector (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int size) { - unsigned int i; - luaM_reallocvector(L, t->array, t->sizearray, size, TValue); - for (i=t->sizearray; iarray[i]); - t->sizearray = size; -} - - -static void setnodevector (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int size) { - int lsize; - if (size == 0) { /* no elements to hash part? */ - t->node = cast(Node *, dummynode); /* use common 'dummynode' */ - lsize = 0; - } - else { - int i; - lsize = luaO_ceillog2(size); - if (lsize > MAXHBITS) - luaG_runerror(L, "table overflow"); - size = twoto(lsize); - t->node = luaM_newvector(L, size, Node); - for (i = 0; i < (int)size; i++) { - Node *n = gnode(t, i); - gnext(n) = 0; - setnilvalue(wgkey(n)); - setnilvalue(gval(n)); - } - } - t->lsizenode = cast_byte(lsize); - t->lastfree = gnode(t, size); /* all positions are free */ -} - - -void luaH_resize (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int nasize, - unsigned int nhsize) { - unsigned int i; - int j; - unsigned int oldasize = t->sizearray; - int oldhsize = t->lsizenode; - Node *nold = t->node; /* save old hash ... */ - if (nasize > oldasize) /* array part must grow? */ - setarrayvector(L, t, nasize); - /* create new hash part with appropriate size */ - setnodevector(L, t, nhsize); - if (nasize < oldasize) { /* array part must shrink? */ - t->sizearray = nasize; - /* re-insert elements from vanishing slice */ - for (i=nasize; iarray[i])) - luaH_setint(L, t, i + 1, &t->array[i]); - } - /* shrink array */ - luaM_reallocvector(L, t->array, oldasize, nasize, TValue); - } - /* re-insert elements from hash part */ - for (j = twoto(oldhsize) - 1; j >= 0; j--) { - Node *old = nold + j; - if (!ttisnil(gval(old))) { - /* doesn't need barrier/invalidate cache, as entry was - already present in the table */ - setobjt2t(L, luaH_set(L, t, gkey(old)), gval(old)); - } - } - if (!isdummy(nold)) - luaM_freearray(L, nold, cast(size_t, twoto(oldhsize))); /* free old hash */ -} - - -void luaH_resizearray (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int nasize) { - int nsize = isdummy(t->node) ? 0 : sizenode(t); - luaH_resize(L, t, nasize, nsize); -} - -/* -** nums[i] = number of keys 'k' where 2^(i - 1) < k <= 2^i -*/ -static void rehash (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *ek) { - unsigned int asize; /* optimal size for array part */ - unsigned int na; /* number of keys in the array part */ - unsigned int nums[MAXABITS + 1]; - int i; - int totaluse; - for (i = 0; i <= MAXABITS; i++) nums[i] = 0; /* reset counts */ - na = numusearray(t, nums); /* count keys in array part */ - totaluse = na; /* all those keys are integer keys */ - totaluse += numusehash(t, nums, &na); /* count keys in hash part */ - /* count extra key */ - na += countint(ek, nums); - totaluse++; - /* compute new size for array part */ - asize = computesizes(nums, &na); - /* resize the table to new computed sizes */ - luaH_resize(L, t, asize, totaluse - na); -} - - - -/* -** }============================================================= -*/ - - -Table *luaH_new (lua_State *L) { - GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_TTABLE, sizeof(Table)); - Table *t = gco2t(o); - t->metatable = NULL; - t->flags = cast_byte(~0); - t->array = NULL; - t->sizearray = 0; - setnodevector(L, t, 0); - return t; -} - - -void luaH_free (lua_State *L, Table *t) { - if (!isdummy(t->node)) - luaM_freearray(L, t->node, cast(size_t, sizenode(t))); - luaM_freearray(L, t->array, t->sizearray); - luaM_free(L, t); -} - - -static Node *getfreepos (Table *t) { - while (t->lastfree > t->node) { - t->lastfree--; - if (ttisnil(gkey(t->lastfree))) - return t->lastfree; - } - return NULL; /* could not find a free place */ -} - - - -/* -** inserts a new key into a hash table; first, check whether key's main -** position is free. If not, check whether colliding node is in its main -** position or not: if it is not, move colliding node to an empty place and -** put new key in its main position; otherwise (colliding node is in its main -** position), new key goes to an empty position. -*/ -TValue *luaH_newkey (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key) { - Node *mp; - TValue aux; - if (ttisnil(key)) luaG_runerror(L, "table index is nil"); - else if (ttisfloat(key)) { - lua_Integer k; - if (luaV_tointeger(key, &k, 0)) { /* index is int? */ - setivalue(&aux, k); - key = &aux; /* insert it as an integer */ - } - else if (luai_numisnan(fltvalue(key))) - luaG_runerror(L, "table index is NaN"); - } - mp = mainposition(t, key); - if (!ttisnil(gval(mp)) || isdummy(mp)) { /* main position is taken? */ - Node *othern; - Node *f = getfreepos(t); /* get a free place */ - if (f == NULL) { /* cannot find a free place? */ - rehash(L, t, key); /* grow table */ - /* whatever called 'newkey' takes care of TM cache */ - return luaH_set(L, t, key); /* insert key into grown table */ - } - lua_assert(!isdummy(f)); - othern = mainposition(t, gkey(mp)); - if (othern != mp) { /* is colliding node out of its main position? */ - /* yes; move colliding node into free position */ - while (othern + gnext(othern) != mp) /* find previous */ - othern += gnext(othern); - gnext(othern) = cast_int(f - othern); /* rechain to point to 'f' */ - *f = *mp; /* copy colliding node into free pos. (mp->next also goes) */ - if (gnext(mp) != 0) { - gnext(f) += cast_int(mp - f); /* correct 'next' */ - gnext(mp) = 0; /* now 'mp' is free */ - } - setnilvalue(gval(mp)); - } - else { /* colliding node is in its own main position */ - /* new node will go into free position */ - if (gnext(mp) != 0) - gnext(f) = cast_int((mp + gnext(mp)) - f); /* chain new position */ - else lua_assert(gnext(f) == 0); - gnext(mp) = cast_int(f - mp); - mp = f; - } - } - setnodekey(L, &mp->i_key, key); - luaC_barrierback(L, t, key); - lua_assert(ttisnil(gval(mp))); - return gval(mp); -} - - -/* -** search function for integers -*/ -const TValue *luaH_getint (Table *t, lua_Integer key) { - /* (1 <= key && key <= t->sizearray) */ - if (l_castS2U(key) - 1 < t->sizearray) - return &t->array[key - 1]; - else { - Node *n = hashint(t, key); - for (;;) { /* check whether 'key' is somewhere in the chain */ - if (ttisinteger(gkey(n)) && ivalue(gkey(n)) == key) - return gval(n); /* that's it */ - else { - int nx = gnext(n); - if (nx == 0) break; - n += nx; - } - } - return luaO_nilobject; - } -} - - -/* -** search function for short strings -*/ -const TValue *luaH_getshortstr (Table *t, TString *key) { - Node *n = hashstr(t, key); - lua_assert(key->tt == LUA_TSHRSTR); - for (;;) { /* check whether 'key' is somewhere in the chain */ - const TValue *k = gkey(n); - if (ttisshrstring(k) && eqshrstr(tsvalue(k), key)) - return gval(n); /* that's it */ - else { - int nx = gnext(n); - if (nx == 0) - return luaO_nilobject; /* not found */ - n += nx; - } - } -} - - -/* -** "Generic" get version. (Not that generic: not valid for integers, -** which may be in array part, nor for floats with integral values.) -*/ -static const TValue *getgeneric (Table *t, const TValue *key) { - Node *n = mainposition(t, key); - for (;;) { /* check whether 'key' is somewhere in the chain */ - if (luaV_rawequalobj(gkey(n), key)) - return gval(n); /* that's it */ - else { - int nx = gnext(n); - if (nx == 0) - return luaO_nilobject; /* not found */ - n += nx; - } - } -} - - -const TValue *luaH_getstr (Table *t, TString *key) { - if (key->tt == LUA_TSHRSTR) - return luaH_getshortstr(t, key); - else { /* for long strings, use generic case */ - TValue ko; - setsvalue(cast(lua_State *, NULL), &ko, key); - return getgeneric(t, &ko); - } -} - - -/* -** main search function -*/ -const TValue *luaH_get (Table *t, const TValue *key) { - switch (ttype(key)) { - case LUA_TSHRSTR: return luaH_getshortstr(t, tsvalue(key)); - case LUA_TNUMINT: return luaH_getint(t, ivalue(key)); - case LUA_TNIL: return luaO_nilobject; - case LUA_TNUMFLT: { - lua_Integer k; - if (luaV_tointeger(key, &k, 0)) /* index is int? */ - return luaH_getint(t, k); /* use specialized version */ - /* else... */ - } /* FALLTHROUGH */ - default: - return getgeneric(t, key); - } -} - - -/* -** beware: when using this function you probably need to check a GC -** barrier and invalidate the TM cache. -*/ -TValue *luaH_set (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key) { - const TValue *p = luaH_get(t, key); - if (p != luaO_nilobject) - return cast(TValue *, p); - else return luaH_newkey(L, t, key); -} - - -void luaH_setint (lua_State *L, Table *t, lua_Integer key, TValue *value) { - const TValue *p = luaH_getint(t, key); - TValue *cell; - if (p != luaO_nilobject) - cell = cast(TValue *, p); - else { - TValue k; - setivalue(&k, key); - cell = luaH_newkey(L, t, &k); - } - setobj2t(L, cell, value); -} - - -static int unbound_search (Table *t, unsigned int j) { - unsigned int i = j; /* i is zero or a present index */ - j++; - /* find 'i' and 'j' such that i is present and j is not */ - while (!ttisnil(luaH_getint(t, j))) { - i = j; - if (j > cast(unsigned int, MAX_INT)/2) { /* overflow? */ - /* table was built with bad purposes: resort to linear search */ - i = 1; - while (!ttisnil(luaH_getint(t, i))) i++; - return i - 1; - } - j *= 2; - } - /* now do a binary search between them */ - while (j - i > 1) { - unsigned int m = (i+j)/2; - if (ttisnil(luaH_getint(t, m))) j = m; - else i = m; - } - return i; -} - - -/* -** Try to find a boundary in table 't'. A 'boundary' is an integer index -** such that t[i] is non-nil and t[i+1] is nil (and 0 if t[1] is nil). -*/ -int luaH_getn (Table *t) { - unsigned int j = t->sizearray; - if (j > 0 && ttisnil(&t->array[j - 1])) { - /* there is a boundary in the array part: (binary) search for it */ - unsigned int i = 0; - while (j - i > 1) { - unsigned int m = (i+j)/2; - if (ttisnil(&t->array[m - 1])) j = m; - else i = m; - } - return i; - } - /* else must find a boundary in hash part */ - else if (isdummy(t->node)) /* hash part is empty? */ - return j; /* that is easy... */ - else return unbound_search(t, j); -} - - - -#if defined(LUA_DEBUG) - -Node *luaH_mainposition (const Table *t, const TValue *key) { - return mainposition(t, key); -} - -int luaH_isdummy (Node *n) { return isdummy(n); } - -#endif diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/ltm.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/ltm.c deleted file mode 100644 index 4650cc2..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/ltm.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,165 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: ltm.c,v 2.37 2016/02/26 19:20:15 roberto Exp $ -** Tag methods -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define ltm_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "ldebug.h" -#include "ldo.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lstate.h" -#include "lstring.h" -#include "ltable.h" -#include "ltm.h" -#include "lvm.h" - - -static const char udatatypename[] = "userdata"; - -LUAI_DDEF const char *const luaT_typenames_[LUA_TOTALTAGS] = { - "no value", - "nil", "boolean", udatatypename, "number", - "string", "table", "function", udatatypename, "thread", - "proto" /* this last case is used for tests only */ -}; - - -void luaT_init (lua_State *L) { - static const char *const luaT_eventname[] = { /* ORDER TM */ - "__index", "__newindex", - "__gc", "__mode", "__len", "__eq", - "__add", "__sub", "__mul", "__mod", "__pow", - "__div", "__idiv", - "__band", "__bor", "__bxor", "__shl", "__shr", - "__unm", "__bnot", "__lt", "__le", - "__concat", "__call" - }; - int i; - for (i=0; itmname[i] = luaS_new(L, luaT_eventname[i]); - luaC_fix(L, obj2gco(G(L)->tmname[i])); /* never collect these names */ - } -} - - -/* -** function to be used with macro "fasttm": optimized for absence of -** tag methods -*/ -const TValue *luaT_gettm (Table *events, TMS event, TString *ename) { - const TValue *tm = luaH_getshortstr(events, ename); - lua_assert(event <= TM_EQ); - if (ttisnil(tm)) { /* no tag method? */ - events->flags |= cast_byte(1u<metatable; - break; - case LUA_TUSERDATA: - mt = uvalue(o)->metatable; - break; - default: - mt = G(L)->mt[ttnov(o)]; - } - return (mt ? luaH_getshortstr(mt, G(L)->tmname[event]) : luaO_nilobject); -} - - -/* -** Return the name of the type of an object. For tables and userdata -** with metatable, use their '__name' metafield, if present. -*/ -const char *luaT_objtypename (lua_State *L, const TValue *o) { - Table *mt; - if ((ttistable(o) && (mt = hvalue(o)->metatable) != NULL) || - (ttisfulluserdata(o) && (mt = uvalue(o)->metatable) != NULL)) { - const TValue *name = luaH_getshortstr(mt, luaS_new(L, "__name")); - if (ttisstring(name)) /* is '__name' a string? */ - return getstr(tsvalue(name)); /* use it as type name */ - } - return ttypename(ttnov(o)); /* else use standard type name */ -} - - -void luaT_callTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *f, const TValue *p1, - const TValue *p2, TValue *p3, int hasres) { - ptrdiff_t result = savestack(L, p3); - StkId func = L->top; - setobj2s(L, func, f); /* push function (assume EXTRA_STACK) */ - setobj2s(L, func + 1, p1); /* 1st argument */ - setobj2s(L, func + 2, p2); /* 2nd argument */ - L->top += 3; - if (!hasres) /* no result? 'p3' is third argument */ - setobj2s(L, L->top++, p3); /* 3rd argument */ - /* metamethod may yield only when called from Lua code */ - if (isLua(L->ci)) - luaD_call(L, func, hasres); - else - luaD_callnoyield(L, func, hasres); - if (hasres) { /* if has result, move it to its place */ - p3 = restorestack(L, result); - setobjs2s(L, p3, --L->top); - } -} - - -int luaT_callbinTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2, - StkId res, TMS event) { - const TValue *tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, p1, event); /* try first operand */ - if (ttisnil(tm)) - tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, p2, event); /* try second operand */ - if (ttisnil(tm)) return 0; - luaT_callTM(L, tm, p1, p2, res, 1); - return 1; -} - - -void luaT_trybinTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2, - StkId res, TMS event) { - if (!luaT_callbinTM(L, p1, p2, res, event)) { - switch (event) { - case TM_CONCAT: - luaG_concaterror(L, p1, p2); - /* call never returns, but to avoid warnings: *//* FALLTHROUGH */ - case TM_BAND: case TM_BOR: case TM_BXOR: - case TM_SHL: case TM_SHR: case TM_BNOT: { - lua_Number dummy; - if (tonumber(p1, &dummy) && tonumber(p2, &dummy)) - luaG_tointerror(L, p1, p2); - else - luaG_opinterror(L, p1, p2, "perform bitwise operation on"); - } - /* calls never return, but to avoid warnings: *//* FALLTHROUGH */ - default: - luaG_opinterror(L, p1, p2, "perform arithmetic on"); - } - } -} - - -int luaT_callorderTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2, - TMS event) { - if (!luaT_callbinTM(L, p1, p2, L->top, event)) - return -1; /* no metamethod */ - else - return !l_isfalse(L->top); -} - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lundump.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lundump.c deleted file mode 100644 index 4080af9..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lundump.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,279 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lundump.c,v 2.44 2015/11/02 16:09:30 roberto Exp $ -** load precompiled Lua chunks -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lundump_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - - -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "ldebug.h" -#include "ldo.h" -#include "lfunc.h" -#include "lmem.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lstring.h" -#include "lundump.h" -#include "lzio.h" - - -#if !defined(luai_verifycode) -#define luai_verifycode(L,b,f) /* empty */ -#endif - - -typedef struct { - lua_State *L; - ZIO *Z; - const char *name; -} LoadState; - - -static l_noret error(LoadState *S, const char *why) { - luaO_pushfstring(S->L, "%s: %s precompiled chunk", S->name, why); - luaD_throw(S->L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX); -} - - -/* -** All high-level loads go through LoadVector; you can change it to -** adapt to the endianness of the input -*/ -#define LoadVector(S,b,n) LoadBlock(S,b,(n)*sizeof((b)[0])) - -static void LoadBlock (LoadState *S, void *b, size_t size) { - if (luaZ_read(S->Z, b, size) != 0) - error(S, "truncated"); -} - - -#define LoadVar(S,x) LoadVector(S,&x,1) - - -static lu_byte LoadByte (LoadState *S) { - lu_byte x; - LoadVar(S, x); - return x; -} - - -static int LoadInt (LoadState *S) { - int x; - LoadVar(S, x); - return x; -} - - -static lua_Number LoadNumber (LoadState *S) { - lua_Number x; - LoadVar(S, x); - return x; -} - - -static lua_Integer LoadInteger (LoadState *S) { - lua_Integer x; - LoadVar(S, x); - return x; -} - - -static TString *LoadString (LoadState *S) { - size_t size = LoadByte(S); - if (size == 0xFF) - LoadVar(S, size); - if (size == 0) - return NULL; - else if (--size <= LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN) { /* short string? */ - char buff[LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN]; - LoadVector(S, buff, size); - return luaS_newlstr(S->L, buff, size); - } - else { /* long string */ - TString *ts = luaS_createlngstrobj(S->L, size); - LoadVector(S, getstr(ts), size); /* load directly in final place */ - return ts; - } -} - - -static void LoadCode (LoadState *S, Proto *f) { - int n = LoadInt(S); - f->code = luaM_newvector(S->L, n, Instruction); - f->sizecode = n; - LoadVector(S, f->code, n); -} - - -static void LoadFunction(LoadState *S, Proto *f, TString *psource); - - -static void LoadConstants (LoadState *S, Proto *f) { - int i; - int n = LoadInt(S); - f->k = luaM_newvector(S->L, n, TValue); - f->sizek = n; - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) - setnilvalue(&f->k[i]); - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { - TValue *o = &f->k[i]; - int t = LoadByte(S); - switch (t) { - case LUA_TNIL: - setnilvalue(o); - break; - case LUA_TBOOLEAN: - setbvalue(o, LoadByte(S)); - break; - case LUA_TNUMFLT: - setfltvalue(o, LoadNumber(S)); - break; - case LUA_TNUMINT: - setivalue(o, LoadInteger(S)); - break; - case LUA_TSHRSTR: - case LUA_TLNGSTR: - setsvalue2n(S->L, o, LoadString(S)); - break; - default: - lua_assert(0); - } - } -} - - -static void LoadProtos (LoadState *S, Proto *f) { - int i; - int n = LoadInt(S); - f->p = luaM_newvector(S->L, n, Proto *); - f->sizep = n; - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) - f->p[i] = NULL; - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { - f->p[i] = luaF_newproto(S->L); - LoadFunction(S, f->p[i], f->source); - } -} - - -static void LoadUpvalues (LoadState *S, Proto *f) { - int i, n; - n = LoadInt(S); - f->upvalues = luaM_newvector(S->L, n, Upvaldesc); - f->sizeupvalues = n; - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) - f->upvalues[i].name = NULL; - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { - f->upvalues[i].instack = LoadByte(S); - f->upvalues[i].idx = LoadByte(S); - } -} - - -static void LoadDebug (LoadState *S, Proto *f) { - int i, n; - n = LoadInt(S); - f->lineinfo = luaM_newvector(S->L, n, int); - f->sizelineinfo = n; - LoadVector(S, f->lineinfo, n); - n = LoadInt(S); - f->locvars = luaM_newvector(S->L, n, LocVar); - f->sizelocvars = n; - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) - f->locvars[i].varname = NULL; - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { - f->locvars[i].varname = LoadString(S); - f->locvars[i].startpc = LoadInt(S); - f->locvars[i].endpc = LoadInt(S); - } - n = LoadInt(S); - for (i = 0; i < n; i++) - f->upvalues[i].name = LoadString(S); -} - - -static void LoadFunction (LoadState *S, Proto *f, TString *psource) { - f->source = LoadString(S); - if (f->source == NULL) /* no source in dump? */ - f->source = psource; /* reuse parent's source */ - f->linedefined = LoadInt(S); - f->lastlinedefined = LoadInt(S); - f->numparams = LoadByte(S); - f->is_vararg = LoadByte(S); - f->maxstacksize = LoadByte(S); - LoadCode(S, f); - LoadConstants(S, f); - LoadUpvalues(S, f); - LoadProtos(S, f); - LoadDebug(S, f); -} - - -static void checkliteral (LoadState *S, const char *s, const char *msg) { - char buff[sizeof(LUA_SIGNATURE) + sizeof(LUAC_DATA)]; /* larger than both */ - size_t len = strlen(s); - LoadVector(S, buff, len); - if (memcmp(s, buff, len) != 0) - error(S, msg); -} - - -static void fchecksize (LoadState *S, size_t size, const char *tname) { - if (LoadByte(S) != size) - error(S, luaO_pushfstring(S->L, "%s size mismatch in", tname)); -} - - -#define checksize(S,t) fchecksize(S,sizeof(t),#t) - -static void checkHeader (LoadState *S) { - checkliteral(S, LUA_SIGNATURE + 1, "not a"); /* 1st char already checked */ - if (LoadByte(S) != LUAC_VERSION) - error(S, "version mismatch in"); - if (LoadByte(S) != LUAC_FORMAT) - error(S, "format mismatch in"); - checkliteral(S, LUAC_DATA, "corrupted"); - checksize(S, int); - checksize(S, size_t); - checksize(S, Instruction); - checksize(S, lua_Integer); - checksize(S, lua_Number); - if (LoadInteger(S) != LUAC_INT) - error(S, "endianness mismatch in"); - if (LoadNumber(S) != LUAC_NUM) - error(S, "float format mismatch in"); -} - - -/* -** load precompiled chunk -*/ -LClosure *luaU_undump(lua_State *L, ZIO *Z, const char *name) { - LoadState S; - LClosure *cl; - if (*name == '@' || *name == '=') - S.name = name + 1; - else if (*name == LUA_SIGNATURE[0]) - S.name = "binary string"; - else - S.name = name; - S.L = L; - S.Z = Z; - checkHeader(&S); - cl = luaF_newLclosure(L, LoadByte(&S)); - setclLvalue(L, L->top, cl); - luaD_inctop(L); - cl->p = luaF_newproto(L); - LoadFunction(&S, cl->p, NULL); - lua_assert(cl->nupvalues == cl->p->sizeupvalues); - luai_verifycode(L, buff, cl->p); - return cl; -} - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lvm.c b/lua-5.3.3/src/lvm.c deleted file mode 100644 index 84ade6b..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lvm.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1322 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lvm.c,v 2.268 2016/02/05 19:59:14 roberto Exp $ -** Lua virtual machine -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#define lvm_c -#define LUA_CORE - -#include "lprefix.h" - -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include - -#include "lua.h" - -#include "ldebug.h" -#include "ldo.h" -#include "lfunc.h" -#include "lgc.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "lopcodes.h" -#include "lstate.h" -#include "lstring.h" -#include "ltable.h" -#include "ltm.h" -#include "lvm.h" - - -/* limit for table tag-method chains (to avoid loops) */ -#define MAXTAGLOOP 2000 - - - -/* -** 'l_intfitsf' checks whether a given integer can be converted to a -** float without rounding. Used in comparisons. Left undefined if -** all integers fit in a float precisely. -*/ -#if !defined(l_intfitsf) - -/* number of bits in the mantissa of a float */ -#define NBM (l_mathlim(MANT_DIG)) - -/* -** Check whether some integers may not fit in a float, that is, whether -** (maxinteger >> NBM) > 0 (that implies (1 << NBM) <= maxinteger). -** (The shifts are done in parts to avoid shifting by more than the size -** of an integer. In a worst case, NBM == 113 for long double and -** sizeof(integer) == 32.) -*/ -#if ((((LUA_MAXINTEGER >> (NBM / 4)) >> (NBM / 4)) >> (NBM / 4)) \ - >> (NBM - (3 * (NBM / 4)))) > 0 - -#define l_intfitsf(i) \ - (-((lua_Integer)1 << NBM) <= (i) && (i) <= ((lua_Integer)1 << NBM)) - -#endif - -#endif - - - -/* -** Try to convert a value to a float. The float case is already handled -** by the macro 'tonumber'. -*/ -int luaV_tonumber_ (const TValue *obj, lua_Number *n) { - TValue v; - if (ttisinteger(obj)) { - *n = cast_num(ivalue(obj)); - return 1; - } - else if (cvt2num(obj) && /* string convertible to number? */ - luaO_str2num(svalue(obj), &v) == vslen(obj) + 1) { - *n = nvalue(&v); /* convert result of 'luaO_str2num' to a float */ - return 1; - } - else - return 0; /* conversion failed */ -} - - -/* -** try to convert a value to an integer, rounding according to 'mode': -** mode == 0: accepts only integral values -** mode == 1: takes the floor of the number -** mode == 2: takes the ceil of the number -*/ -int luaV_tointeger (const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p, int mode) { - TValue v; - again: - if (ttisfloat(obj)) { - lua_Number n = fltvalue(obj); - lua_Number f = l_floor(n); - if (n != f) { /* not an integral value? */ - if (mode == 0) return 0; /* fails if mode demands integral value */ - else if (mode > 1) /* needs ceil? */ - f += 1; /* convert floor to ceil (remember: n != f) */ - } - return lua_numbertointeger(f, p); - } - else if (ttisinteger(obj)) { - *p = ivalue(obj); - return 1; - } - else if (cvt2num(obj) && - luaO_str2num(svalue(obj), &v) == vslen(obj) + 1) { - obj = &v; - goto again; /* convert result from 'luaO_str2num' to an integer */ - } - return 0; /* conversion failed */ -} - - -/* -** Try to convert a 'for' limit to an integer, preserving the -** semantics of the loop. -** (The following explanation assumes a non-negative step; it is valid -** for negative steps mutatis mutandis.) -** If the limit can be converted to an integer, rounding down, that is -** it. -** Otherwise, check whether the limit can be converted to a number. If -** the number is too large, it is OK to set the limit as LUA_MAXINTEGER, -** which means no limit. If the number is too negative, the loop -** should not run, because any initial integer value is larger than the -** limit. So, it sets the limit to LUA_MININTEGER. 'stopnow' corrects -** the extreme case when the initial value is LUA_MININTEGER, in which -** case the LUA_MININTEGER limit would still run the loop once. -*/ -static int forlimit (const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p, lua_Integer step, - int *stopnow) { - *stopnow = 0; /* usually, let loops run */ - if (!luaV_tointeger(obj, p, (step < 0 ? 2 : 1))) { /* not fit in integer? */ - lua_Number n; /* try to convert to float */ - if (!tonumber(obj, &n)) /* cannot convert to float? */ - return 0; /* not a number */ - if (luai_numlt(0, n)) { /* if true, float is larger than max integer */ - *p = LUA_MAXINTEGER; - if (step < 0) *stopnow = 1; - } - else { /* float is smaller than min integer */ - *p = LUA_MININTEGER; - if (step >= 0) *stopnow = 1; - } - } - return 1; -} - - -/* -** Finish the table access 'val = t[key]'. -** if 'slot' is NULL, 't' is not a table; otherwise, 'slot' points to -** t[k] entry (which must be nil). -*/ -void luaV_finishget (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key, StkId val, - const TValue *slot) { - int loop; /* counter to avoid infinite loops */ - const TValue *tm; /* metamethod */ - for (loop = 0; loop < MAXTAGLOOP; loop++) { - if (slot == NULL) { /* 't' is not a table? */ - lua_assert(!ttistable(t)); - tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, t, TM_INDEX); - if (ttisnil(tm)) - luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index"); /* no metamethod */ - /* else will try the metamethod */ - } - else { /* 't' is a table */ - lua_assert(ttisnil(slot)); - tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t)->metatable, TM_INDEX); /* table's metamethod */ - if (tm == NULL) { /* no metamethod? */ - setnilvalue(val); /* result is nil */ - return; - } - /* else will try the metamethod */ - } - if (ttisfunction(tm)) { /* is metamethod a function? */ - luaT_callTM(L, tm, t, key, val, 1); /* call it */ - return; - } - t = tm; /* else try to access 'tm[key]' */ - if (luaV_fastget(L,t,key,slot,luaH_get)) { /* fast track? */ - setobj2s(L, val, slot); /* done */ - return; - } - /* else repeat (tail call 'luaV_finishget') */ - } - luaG_runerror(L, "'__index' chain too long; possible loop"); -} - - -/* -** Finish a table assignment 't[key] = val'. -** If 'slot' is NULL, 't' is not a table. Otherwise, 'slot' points -** to the entry 't[key]', or to 'luaO_nilobject' if there is no such -** entry. (The value at 'slot' must be nil, otherwise 'luaV_fastset' -** would have done the job.) -*/ -void luaV_finishset (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key, - StkId val, const TValue *slot) { - int loop; /* counter to avoid infinite loops */ - for (loop = 0; loop < MAXTAGLOOP; loop++) { - const TValue *tm; /* '__newindex' metamethod */ - if (slot != NULL) { /* is 't' a table? */ - Table *h = hvalue(t); /* save 't' table */ - lua_assert(ttisnil(slot)); /* old value must be nil */ - tm = fasttm(L, h->metatable, TM_NEWINDEX); /* get metamethod */ - if (tm == NULL) { /* no metamethod? */ - if (slot == luaO_nilobject) /* no previous entry? */ - slot = luaH_newkey(L, h, key); /* create one */ - /* no metamethod and (now) there is an entry with given key */ - setobj2t(L, cast(TValue *, slot), val); /* set its new value */ - invalidateTMcache(h); - luaC_barrierback(L, h, val); - return; - } - /* else will try the metamethod */ - } - else { /* not a table; check metamethod */ - if (ttisnil(tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, t, TM_NEWINDEX))) - luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index"); - } - /* try the metamethod */ - if (ttisfunction(tm)) { - luaT_callTM(L, tm, t, key, val, 0); - return; - } - t = tm; /* else repeat assignment over 'tm' */ - if (luaV_fastset(L, t, key, slot, luaH_get, val)) - return; /* done */ - /* else loop */ - } - luaG_runerror(L, "'__newindex' chain too long; possible loop"); -} - - -/* -** Compare two strings 'ls' x 'rs', returning an integer smaller-equal- -** -larger than zero if 'ls' is smaller-equal-larger than 'rs'. -** The code is a little tricky because it allows '\0' in the strings -** and it uses 'strcoll' (to respect locales) for each segments -** of the strings. -*/ -static int l_strcmp (const TString *ls, const TString *rs) { - const char *l = getstr(ls); - size_t ll = tsslen(ls); - const char *r = getstr(rs); - size_t lr = tsslen(rs); - for (;;) { /* for each segment */ - int temp = strcoll(l, r); - if (temp != 0) /* not equal? */ - return temp; /* done */ - else { /* strings are equal up to a '\0' */ - size_t len = strlen(l); /* index of first '\0' in both strings */ - if (len == lr) /* 'rs' is finished? */ - return (len == ll) ? 0 : 1; /* check 'ls' */ - else if (len == ll) /* 'ls' is finished? */ - return -1; /* 'ls' is smaller than 'rs' ('rs' is not finished) */ - /* both strings longer than 'len'; go on comparing after the '\0' */ - len++; - l += len; ll -= len; r += len; lr -= len; - } - } -} - - -/* -** Check whether integer 'i' is less than float 'f'. If 'i' has an -** exact representation as a float ('l_intfitsf'), compare numbers as -** floats. Otherwise, if 'f' is outside the range for integers, result -** is trivial. Otherwise, compare them as integers. (When 'i' has no -** float representation, either 'f' is "far away" from 'i' or 'f' has -** no precision left for a fractional part; either way, how 'f' is -** truncated is irrelevant.) When 'f' is NaN, comparisons must result -** in false. -*/ -static int LTintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) { -#if defined(l_intfitsf) - if (!l_intfitsf(i)) { - if (f >= -cast_num(LUA_MININTEGER)) /* -minint == maxint + 1 */ - return 1; /* f >= maxint + 1 > i */ - else if (f > cast_num(LUA_MININTEGER)) /* minint < f <= maxint ? */ - return (i < cast(lua_Integer, f)); /* compare them as integers */ - else /* f <= minint <= i (or 'f' is NaN) --> not(i < f) */ - return 0; - } -#endif - return luai_numlt(cast_num(i), f); /* compare them as floats */ -} - - -/* -** Check whether integer 'i' is less than or equal to float 'f'. -** See comments on previous function. -*/ -static int LEintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) { -#if defined(l_intfitsf) - if (!l_intfitsf(i)) { - if (f >= -cast_num(LUA_MININTEGER)) /* -minint == maxint + 1 */ - return 1; /* f >= maxint + 1 > i */ - else if (f >= cast_num(LUA_MININTEGER)) /* minint <= f <= maxint ? */ - return (i <= cast(lua_Integer, f)); /* compare them as integers */ - else /* f < minint <= i (or 'f' is NaN) --> not(i <= f) */ - return 0; - } -#endif - return luai_numle(cast_num(i), f); /* compare them as floats */ -} - - -/* -** Return 'l < r', for numbers. -*/ -static int LTnum (const TValue *l, const TValue *r) { - if (ttisinteger(l)) { - lua_Integer li = ivalue(l); - if (ttisinteger(r)) - return li < ivalue(r); /* both are integers */ - else /* 'l' is int and 'r' is float */ - return LTintfloat(li, fltvalue(r)); /* l < r ? */ - } - else { - lua_Number lf = fltvalue(l); /* 'l' must be float */ - if (ttisfloat(r)) - return luai_numlt(lf, fltvalue(r)); /* both are float */ - else if (luai_numisnan(lf)) /* 'r' is int and 'l' is float */ - return 0; /* NaN < i is always false */ - else /* without NaN, (l < r) <--> not(r <= l) */ - return !LEintfloat(ivalue(r), lf); /* not (r <= l) ? */ - } -} - - -/* -** Return 'l <= r', for numbers. -*/ -static int LEnum (const TValue *l, const TValue *r) { - if (ttisinteger(l)) { - lua_Integer li = ivalue(l); - if (ttisinteger(r)) - return li <= ivalue(r); /* both are integers */ - else /* 'l' is int and 'r' is float */ - return LEintfloat(li, fltvalue(r)); /* l <= r ? */ - } - else { - lua_Number lf = fltvalue(l); /* 'l' must be float */ - if (ttisfloat(r)) - return luai_numle(lf, fltvalue(r)); /* both are float */ - else if (luai_numisnan(lf)) /* 'r' is int and 'l' is float */ - return 0; /* NaN <= i is always false */ - else /* without NaN, (l <= r) <--> not(r < l) */ - return !LTintfloat(ivalue(r), lf); /* not (r < l) ? */ - } -} - - -/* -** Main operation less than; return 'l < r'. -*/ -int luaV_lessthan (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r) { - int res; - if (ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r)) /* both operands are numbers? */ - return LTnum(l, r); - else if (ttisstring(l) && ttisstring(r)) /* both are strings? */ - return l_strcmp(tsvalue(l), tsvalue(r)) < 0; - else if ((res = luaT_callorderTM(L, l, r, TM_LT)) < 0) /* no metamethod? */ - luaG_ordererror(L, l, r); /* error */ - return res; -} - - -/* -** Main operation less than or equal to; return 'l <= r'. If it needs -** a metamethod and there is no '__le', try '__lt', based on -** l <= r iff !(r < l) (assuming a total order). If the metamethod -** yields during this substitution, the continuation has to know -** about it (to negate the result of r= 0) /* try 'le' */ - return res; - else { /* try 'lt': */ - L->ci->callstatus |= CIST_LEQ; /* mark it is doing 'lt' for 'le' */ - res = luaT_callorderTM(L, r, l, TM_LT); - L->ci->callstatus ^= CIST_LEQ; /* clear mark */ - if (res < 0) - luaG_ordererror(L, l, r); - return !res; /* result is negated */ - } -} - - -/* -** Main operation for equality of Lua values; return 't1 == t2'. -** L == NULL means raw equality (no metamethods) -*/ -int luaV_equalobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2) { - const TValue *tm; - if (ttype(t1) != ttype(t2)) { /* not the same variant? */ - if (ttnov(t1) != ttnov(t2) || ttnov(t1) != LUA_TNUMBER) - return 0; /* only numbers can be equal with different variants */ - else { /* two numbers with different variants */ - lua_Integer i1, i2; /* compare them as integers */ - return (tointeger(t1, &i1) && tointeger(t2, &i2) && i1 == i2); - } - } - /* values have same type and same variant */ - switch (ttype(t1)) { - case LUA_TNIL: return 1; - case LUA_TNUMINT: return (ivalue(t1) == ivalue(t2)); - case LUA_TNUMFLT: return luai_numeq(fltvalue(t1), fltvalue(t2)); - case LUA_TBOOLEAN: return bvalue(t1) == bvalue(t2); /* true must be 1 !! */ - case LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: return pvalue(t1) == pvalue(t2); - case LUA_TLCF: return fvalue(t1) == fvalue(t2); - case LUA_TSHRSTR: return eqshrstr(tsvalue(t1), tsvalue(t2)); - case LUA_TLNGSTR: return luaS_eqlngstr(tsvalue(t1), tsvalue(t2)); - case LUA_TUSERDATA: { - if (uvalue(t1) == uvalue(t2)) return 1; - else if (L == NULL) return 0; - tm = fasttm(L, uvalue(t1)->metatable, TM_EQ); - if (tm == NULL) - tm = fasttm(L, uvalue(t2)->metatable, TM_EQ); - break; /* will try TM */ - } - case LUA_TTABLE: { - if (hvalue(t1) == hvalue(t2)) return 1; - else if (L == NULL) return 0; - tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t1)->metatable, TM_EQ); - if (tm == NULL) - tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t2)->metatable, TM_EQ); - break; /* will try TM */ - } - default: - return gcvalue(t1) == gcvalue(t2); - } - if (tm == NULL) /* no TM? */ - return 0; /* objects are different */ - luaT_callTM(L, tm, t1, t2, L->top, 1); /* call TM */ - return !l_isfalse(L->top); -} - - -/* macro used by 'luaV_concat' to ensure that element at 'o' is a string */ -#define tostring(L,o) \ - (ttisstring(o) || (cvt2str(o) && (luaO_tostring(L, o), 1))) - -#define isemptystr(o) (ttisshrstring(o) && tsvalue(o)->shrlen == 0) - -/* copy strings in stack from top - n up to top - 1 to buffer */ -static void copy2buff (StkId top, int n, char *buff) { - size_t tl = 0; /* size already copied */ - do { - size_t l = vslen(top - n); /* length of string being copied */ - memcpy(buff + tl, svalue(top - n), l * sizeof(char)); - tl += l; - } while (--n > 0); -} - - -/* -** Main operation for concatenation: concat 'total' values in the stack, -** from 'L->top - total' up to 'L->top - 1'. -*/ -void luaV_concat (lua_State *L, int total) { - lua_assert(total >= 2); - do { - StkId top = L->top; - int n = 2; /* number of elements handled in this pass (at least 2) */ - if (!(ttisstring(top-2) || cvt2str(top-2)) || !tostring(L, top-1)) - luaT_trybinTM(L, top-2, top-1, top-2, TM_CONCAT); - else if (isemptystr(top - 1)) /* second operand is empty? */ - cast_void(tostring(L, top - 2)); /* result is first operand */ - else if (isemptystr(top - 2)) { /* first operand is an empty string? */ - setobjs2s(L, top - 2, top - 1); /* result is second op. */ - } - else { - /* at least two non-empty string values; get as many as possible */ - size_t tl = vslen(top - 1); - TString *ts; - /* collect total length and number of strings */ - for (n = 1; n < total && tostring(L, top - n - 1); n++) { - size_t l = vslen(top - n - 1); - if (l >= (MAX_SIZE/sizeof(char)) - tl) - luaG_runerror(L, "string length overflow"); - tl += l; - } - if (tl <= LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN) { /* is result a short string? */ - char buff[LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN]; - copy2buff(top, n, buff); /* copy strings to buffer */ - ts = luaS_newlstr(L, buff, tl); - } - else { /* long string; copy strings directly to final result */ - ts = luaS_createlngstrobj(L, tl); - copy2buff(top, n, getstr(ts)); - } - setsvalue2s(L, top - n, ts); /* create result */ - } - total -= n-1; /* got 'n' strings to create 1 new */ - L->top -= n-1; /* popped 'n' strings and pushed one */ - } while (total > 1); /* repeat until only 1 result left */ -} - - -/* -** Main operation 'ra' = #rb'. -*/ -void luaV_objlen (lua_State *L, StkId ra, const TValue *rb) { - const TValue *tm; - switch (ttype(rb)) { - case LUA_TTABLE: { - Table *h = hvalue(rb); - tm = fasttm(L, h->metatable, TM_LEN); - if (tm) break; /* metamethod? break switch to call it */ - setivalue(ra, luaH_getn(h)); /* else primitive len */ - return; - } - case LUA_TSHRSTR: { - setivalue(ra, tsvalue(rb)->shrlen); - return; - } - case LUA_TLNGSTR: { - setivalue(ra, tsvalue(rb)->u.lnglen); - return; - } - default: { /* try metamethod */ - tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, rb, TM_LEN); - if (ttisnil(tm)) /* no metamethod? */ - luaG_typeerror(L, rb, "get length of"); - break; - } - } - luaT_callTM(L, tm, rb, rb, ra, 1); -} - - -/* -** Integer division; return 'm // n', that is, floor(m/n). -** C division truncates its result (rounds towards zero). -** 'floor(q) == trunc(q)' when 'q >= 0' or when 'q' is integer, -** otherwise 'floor(q) == trunc(q) - 1'. -*/ -lua_Integer luaV_div (lua_State *L, lua_Integer m, lua_Integer n) { - if (l_castS2U(n) + 1u <= 1u) { /* special cases: -1 or 0 */ - if (n == 0) - luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to divide by zero"); - return intop(-, 0, m); /* n==-1; avoid overflow with 0x80000...//-1 */ - } - else { - lua_Integer q = m / n; /* perform C division */ - if ((m ^ n) < 0 && m % n != 0) /* 'm/n' would be negative non-integer? */ - q -= 1; /* correct result for different rounding */ - return q; - } -} - - -/* -** Integer modulus; return 'm % n'. (Assume that C '%' with -** negative operands follows C99 behavior. See previous comment -** about luaV_div.) -*/ -lua_Integer luaV_mod (lua_State *L, lua_Integer m, lua_Integer n) { - if (l_castS2U(n) + 1u <= 1u) { /* special cases: -1 or 0 */ - if (n == 0) - luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to perform 'n%%0'"); - return 0; /* m % -1 == 0; avoid overflow with 0x80000...%-1 */ - } - else { - lua_Integer r = m % n; - if (r != 0 && (m ^ n) < 0) /* 'm/n' would be non-integer negative? */ - r += n; /* correct result for different rounding */ - return r; - } -} - - -/* number of bits in an integer */ -#define NBITS cast_int(sizeof(lua_Integer) * CHAR_BIT) - -/* -** Shift left operation. (Shift right just negates 'y'.) -*/ -lua_Integer luaV_shiftl (lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y) { - if (y < 0) { /* shift right? */ - if (y <= -NBITS) return 0; - else return intop(>>, x, -y); - } - else { /* shift left */ - if (y >= NBITS) return 0; - else return intop(<<, x, y); - } -} - - -/* -** check whether cached closure in prototype 'p' may be reused, that is, -** whether there is a cached closure with the same upvalues needed by -** new closure to be created. -*/ -static LClosure *getcached (Proto *p, UpVal **encup, StkId base) { - LClosure *c = p->cache; - if (c != NULL) { /* is there a cached closure? */ - int nup = p->sizeupvalues; - Upvaldesc *uv = p->upvalues; - int i; - for (i = 0; i < nup; i++) { /* check whether it has right upvalues */ - TValue *v = uv[i].instack ? base + uv[i].idx : encup[uv[i].idx]->v; - if (c->upvals[i]->v != v) - return NULL; /* wrong upvalue; cannot reuse closure */ - } - } - return c; /* return cached closure (or NULL if no cached closure) */ -} - - -/* -** create a new Lua closure, push it in the stack, and initialize -** its upvalues. Note that the closure is not cached if prototype is -** already black (which means that 'cache' was already cleared by the -** GC). -*/ -static void pushclosure (lua_State *L, Proto *p, UpVal **encup, StkId base, - StkId ra) { - int nup = p->sizeupvalues; - Upvaldesc *uv = p->upvalues; - int i; - LClosure *ncl = luaF_newLclosure(L, nup); - ncl->p = p; - setclLvalue(L, ra, ncl); /* anchor new closure in stack */ - for (i = 0; i < nup; i++) { /* fill in its upvalues */ - if (uv[i].instack) /* upvalue refers to local variable? */ - ncl->upvals[i] = luaF_findupval(L, base + uv[i].idx); - else /* get upvalue from enclosing function */ - ncl->upvals[i] = encup[uv[i].idx]; - ncl->upvals[i]->refcount++; - /* new closure is white, so we do not need a barrier here */ - } - if (!isblack(p)) /* cache will not break GC invariant? */ - p->cache = ncl; /* save it on cache for reuse */ -} - - -/* -** finish execution of an opcode interrupted by an yield -*/ -void luaV_finishOp (lua_State *L) { - CallInfo *ci = L->ci; - StkId base = ci->u.l.base; - Instruction inst = *(ci->u.l.savedpc - 1); /* interrupted instruction */ - OpCode op = GET_OPCODE(inst); - switch (op) { /* finish its execution */ - case OP_ADD: case OP_SUB: case OP_MUL: case OP_DIV: case OP_IDIV: - case OP_BAND: case OP_BOR: case OP_BXOR: case OP_SHL: case OP_SHR: - case OP_MOD: case OP_POW: - case OP_UNM: case OP_BNOT: case OP_LEN: - case OP_GETTABUP: case OP_GETTABLE: case OP_SELF: { - setobjs2s(L, base + GETARG_A(inst), --L->top); - break; - } - case OP_LE: case OP_LT: case OP_EQ: { - int res = !l_isfalse(L->top - 1); - L->top--; - if (ci->callstatus & CIST_LEQ) { /* "<=" using "<" instead? */ - lua_assert(op == OP_LE); - ci->callstatus ^= CIST_LEQ; /* clear mark */ - res = !res; /* negate result */ - } - lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*ci->u.l.savedpc) == OP_JMP); - if (res != GETARG_A(inst)) /* condition failed? */ - ci->u.l.savedpc++; /* skip jump instruction */ - break; - } - case OP_CONCAT: { - StkId top = L->top - 1; /* top when 'luaT_trybinTM' was called */ - int b = GETARG_B(inst); /* first element to concatenate */ - int total = cast_int(top - 1 - (base + b)); /* yet to concatenate */ - setobj2s(L, top - 2, top); /* put TM result in proper position */ - if (total > 1) { /* are there elements to concat? */ - L->top = top - 1; /* top is one after last element (at top-2) */ - luaV_concat(L, total); /* concat them (may yield again) */ - } - /* move final result to final position */ - setobj2s(L, ci->u.l.base + GETARG_A(inst), L->top - 1); - L->top = ci->top; /* restore top */ - break; - } - case OP_TFORCALL: { - lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*ci->u.l.savedpc) == OP_TFORLOOP); - L->top = ci->top; /* correct top */ - break; - } - case OP_CALL: { - if (GETARG_C(inst) - 1 >= 0) /* nresults >= 0? */ - L->top = ci->top; /* adjust results */ - break; - } - case OP_TAILCALL: case OP_SETTABUP: case OP_SETTABLE: - break; - default: lua_assert(0); - } -} - - - - -/* -** {================================================================== -** Function 'luaV_execute': main interpreter loop -** =================================================================== -*/ - - -/* -** some macros for common tasks in 'luaV_execute' -*/ - - -#define RA(i) (base+GETARG_A(i)) -#define RB(i) check_exp(getBMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgR, base+GETARG_B(i)) -#define RC(i) check_exp(getCMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgR, base+GETARG_C(i)) -#define RKB(i) check_exp(getBMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgK, \ - ISK(GETARG_B(i)) ? k+INDEXK(GETARG_B(i)) : base+GETARG_B(i)) -#define RKC(i) check_exp(getCMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgK, \ - ISK(GETARG_C(i)) ? k+INDEXK(GETARG_C(i)) : base+GETARG_C(i)) - - -/* execute a jump instruction */ -#define dojump(ci,i,e) \ - { int a = GETARG_A(i); \ - if (a != 0) luaF_close(L, ci->u.l.base + a - 1); \ - ci->u.l.savedpc += GETARG_sBx(i) + e; } - -/* for test instructions, execute the jump instruction that follows it */ -#define donextjump(ci) { i = *ci->u.l.savedpc; dojump(ci, i, 1); } - - -#define Protect(x) { {x;}; base = ci->u.l.base; } - -#define checkGC(L,c) \ - { luaC_condGC(L, L->top = (c), /* limit of live values */ \ - Protect(L->top = ci->top)); /* restore top */ \ - luai_threadyield(L); } - - -/* fetch an instruction and prepare its execution */ -#define vmfetch() { \ - i = *(ci->u.l.savedpc++); \ - if (L->hookmask & (LUA_MASKLINE | LUA_MASKCOUNT)) \ - Protect(luaG_traceexec(L)); \ - ra = RA(i); /* WARNING: any stack reallocation invalidates 'ra' */ \ - lua_assert(base == ci->u.l.base); \ - lua_assert(base <= L->top && L->top < L->stack + L->stacksize); \ -} - -#define vmdispatch(o) switch(o) -#define vmcase(l) case l: -#define vmbreak break - - -/* -** copy of 'luaV_gettable', but protecting the call to potential -** metamethod (which can reallocate the stack) -*/ -#define gettableProtected(L,t,k,v) { const TValue *slot; \ - if (luaV_fastget(L,t,k,slot,luaH_get)) { setobj2s(L, v, slot); } \ - else Protect(luaV_finishget(L,t,k,v,slot)); } - - -/* same for 'luaV_settable' */ -#define settableProtected(L,t,k,v) { const TValue *slot; \ - if (!luaV_fastset(L,t,k,slot,luaH_get,v)) \ - Protect(luaV_finishset(L,t,k,v,slot)); } - - - -void luaV_execute (lua_State *L) { - CallInfo *ci = L->ci; - LClosure *cl; - TValue *k; - StkId base; - ci->callstatus |= CIST_FRESH; /* fresh invocation of 'luaV_execute" */ - newframe: /* reentry point when frame changes (call/return) */ - lua_assert(ci == L->ci); - cl = clLvalue(ci->func); /* local reference to function's closure */ - k = cl->p->k; /* local reference to function's constant table */ - base = ci->u.l.base; /* local copy of function's base */ - /* main loop of interpreter */ - for (;;) { - Instruction i; - StkId ra; - vmfetch(); - vmdispatch (GET_OPCODE(i)) { - vmcase(OP_MOVE) { - setobjs2s(L, ra, RB(i)); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_LOADK) { - TValue *rb = k + GETARG_Bx(i); - setobj2s(L, ra, rb); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_LOADKX) { - TValue *rb; - lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*ci->u.l.savedpc) == OP_EXTRAARG); - rb = k + GETARG_Ax(*ci->u.l.savedpc++); - setobj2s(L, ra, rb); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_LOADBOOL) { - setbvalue(ra, GETARG_B(i)); - if (GETARG_C(i)) ci->u.l.savedpc++; /* skip next instruction (if C) */ - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_LOADNIL) { - int b = GETARG_B(i); - do { - setnilvalue(ra++); - } while (b--); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_GETUPVAL) { - int b = GETARG_B(i); - setobj2s(L, ra, cl->upvals[b]->v); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_GETTABUP) { - TValue *upval = cl->upvals[GETARG_B(i)]->v; - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - gettableProtected(L, upval, rc, ra); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_GETTABLE) { - StkId rb = RB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - gettableProtected(L, rb, rc, ra); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_SETTABUP) { - TValue *upval = cl->upvals[GETARG_A(i)]->v; - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - settableProtected(L, upval, rb, rc); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_SETUPVAL) { - UpVal *uv = cl->upvals[GETARG_B(i)]; - setobj(L, uv->v, ra); - luaC_upvalbarrier(L, uv); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_SETTABLE) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - settableProtected(L, ra, rb, rc); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_NEWTABLE) { - int b = GETARG_B(i); - int c = GETARG_C(i); - Table *t = luaH_new(L); - sethvalue(L, ra, t); - if (b != 0 || c != 0) - luaH_resize(L, t, luaO_fb2int(b), luaO_fb2int(c)); - checkGC(L, ra + 1); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_SELF) { - const TValue *aux; - StkId rb = RB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - TString *key = tsvalue(rc); /* key must be a string */ - setobjs2s(L, ra + 1, rb); - if (luaV_fastget(L, rb, key, aux, luaH_getstr)) { - setobj2s(L, ra, aux); - } - else Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, rc, ra, aux)); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_ADD) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Number nb; lua_Number nc; - if (ttisinteger(rb) && ttisinteger(rc)) { - lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb); lua_Integer ic = ivalue(rc); - setivalue(ra, intop(+, ib, ic)); - } - else if (tonumber(rb, &nb) && tonumber(rc, &nc)) { - setfltvalue(ra, luai_numadd(L, nb, nc)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_ADD)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_SUB) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Number nb; lua_Number nc; - if (ttisinteger(rb) && ttisinteger(rc)) { - lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb); lua_Integer ic = ivalue(rc); - setivalue(ra, intop(-, ib, ic)); - } - else if (tonumber(rb, &nb) && tonumber(rc, &nc)) { - setfltvalue(ra, luai_numsub(L, nb, nc)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_SUB)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_MUL) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Number nb; lua_Number nc; - if (ttisinteger(rb) && ttisinteger(rc)) { - lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb); lua_Integer ic = ivalue(rc); - setivalue(ra, intop(*, ib, ic)); - } - else if (tonumber(rb, &nb) && tonumber(rc, &nc)) { - setfltvalue(ra, luai_nummul(L, nb, nc)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_MUL)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_DIV) { /* float division (always with floats) */ - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Number nb; lua_Number nc; - if (tonumber(rb, &nb) && tonumber(rc, &nc)) { - setfltvalue(ra, luai_numdiv(L, nb, nc)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_DIV)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_BAND) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Integer ib; lua_Integer ic; - if (tointeger(rb, &ib) && tointeger(rc, &ic)) { - setivalue(ra, intop(&, ib, ic)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_BAND)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_BOR) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Integer ib; lua_Integer ic; - if (tointeger(rb, &ib) && tointeger(rc, &ic)) { - setivalue(ra, intop(|, ib, ic)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_BOR)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_BXOR) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Integer ib; lua_Integer ic; - if (tointeger(rb, &ib) && tointeger(rc, &ic)) { - setivalue(ra, intop(^, ib, ic)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_BXOR)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_SHL) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Integer ib; lua_Integer ic; - if (tointeger(rb, &ib) && tointeger(rc, &ic)) { - setivalue(ra, luaV_shiftl(ib, ic)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_SHL)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_SHR) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Integer ib; lua_Integer ic; - if (tointeger(rb, &ib) && tointeger(rc, &ic)) { - setivalue(ra, luaV_shiftl(ib, -ic)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_SHR)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_MOD) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Number nb; lua_Number nc; - if (ttisinteger(rb) && ttisinteger(rc)) { - lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb); lua_Integer ic = ivalue(rc); - setivalue(ra, luaV_mod(L, ib, ic)); - } - else if (tonumber(rb, &nb) && tonumber(rc, &nc)) { - lua_Number m; - luai_nummod(L, nb, nc, m); - setfltvalue(ra, m); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_MOD)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_IDIV) { /* floor division */ - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Number nb; lua_Number nc; - if (ttisinteger(rb) && ttisinteger(rc)) { - lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb); lua_Integer ic = ivalue(rc); - setivalue(ra, luaV_div(L, ib, ic)); - } - else if (tonumber(rb, &nb) && tonumber(rc, &nc)) { - setfltvalue(ra, luai_numidiv(L, nb, nc)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_IDIV)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_POW) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - lua_Number nb; lua_Number nc; - if (tonumber(rb, &nb) && tonumber(rc, &nc)) { - setfltvalue(ra, luai_numpow(L, nb, nc)); - } - else { Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rc, ra, TM_POW)); } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_UNM) { - TValue *rb = RB(i); - lua_Number nb; - if (ttisinteger(rb)) { - lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb); - setivalue(ra, intop(-, 0, ib)); - } - else if (tonumber(rb, &nb)) { - setfltvalue(ra, luai_numunm(L, nb)); - } - else { - Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rb, ra, TM_UNM)); - } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_BNOT) { - TValue *rb = RB(i); - lua_Integer ib; - if (tointeger(rb, &ib)) { - setivalue(ra, intop(^, ~l_castS2U(0), ib)); - } - else { - Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rb, ra, TM_BNOT)); - } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_NOT) { - TValue *rb = RB(i); - int res = l_isfalse(rb); /* next assignment may change this value */ - setbvalue(ra, res); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_LEN) { - Protect(luaV_objlen(L, ra, RB(i))); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_CONCAT) { - int b = GETARG_B(i); - int c = GETARG_C(i); - StkId rb; - L->top = base + c + 1; /* mark the end of concat operands */ - Protect(luaV_concat(L, c - b + 1)); - ra = RA(i); /* 'luaV_concat' may invoke TMs and move the stack */ - rb = base + b; - setobjs2s(L, ra, rb); - checkGC(L, (ra >= rb ? ra + 1 : rb)); - L->top = ci->top; /* restore top */ - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_JMP) { - dojump(ci, i, 0); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_EQ) { - TValue *rb = RKB(i); - TValue *rc = RKC(i); - Protect( - if (luaV_equalobj(L, rb, rc) != GETARG_A(i)) - ci->u.l.savedpc++; - else - donextjump(ci); - ) - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_LT) { - Protect( - if (luaV_lessthan(L, RKB(i), RKC(i)) != GETARG_A(i)) - ci->u.l.savedpc++; - else - donextjump(ci); - ) - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_LE) { - Protect( - if (luaV_lessequal(L, RKB(i), RKC(i)) != GETARG_A(i)) - ci->u.l.savedpc++; - else - donextjump(ci); - ) - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_TEST) { - if (GETARG_C(i) ? l_isfalse(ra) : !l_isfalse(ra)) - ci->u.l.savedpc++; - else - donextjump(ci); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_TESTSET) { - TValue *rb = RB(i); - if (GETARG_C(i) ? l_isfalse(rb) : !l_isfalse(rb)) - ci->u.l.savedpc++; - else { - setobjs2s(L, ra, rb); - donextjump(ci); - } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_CALL) { - int b = GETARG_B(i); - int nresults = GETARG_C(i) - 1; - if (b != 0) L->top = ra+b; /* else previous instruction set top */ - if (luaD_precall(L, ra, nresults)) { /* C function? */ - if (nresults >= 0) - L->top = ci->top; /* adjust results */ - Protect((void)0); /* update 'base' */ - } - else { /* Lua function */ - ci = L->ci; - goto newframe; /* restart luaV_execute over new Lua function */ - } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_TAILCALL) { - int b = GETARG_B(i); - if (b != 0) L->top = ra+b; /* else previous instruction set top */ - lua_assert(GETARG_C(i) - 1 == LUA_MULTRET); - if (luaD_precall(L, ra, LUA_MULTRET)) { /* C function? */ - Protect((void)0); /* update 'base' */ - } - else { - /* tail call: put called frame (n) in place of caller one (o) */ - CallInfo *nci = L->ci; /* called frame */ - CallInfo *oci = nci->previous; /* caller frame */ - StkId nfunc = nci->func; /* called function */ - StkId ofunc = oci->func; /* caller function */ - /* last stack slot filled by 'precall' */ - StkId lim = nci->u.l.base + getproto(nfunc)->numparams; - int aux; - /* close all upvalues from previous call */ - if (cl->p->sizep > 0) luaF_close(L, oci->u.l.base); - /* move new frame into old one */ - for (aux = 0; nfunc + aux < lim; aux++) - setobjs2s(L, ofunc + aux, nfunc + aux); - oci->u.l.base = ofunc + (nci->u.l.base - nfunc); /* correct base */ - oci->top = L->top = ofunc + (L->top - nfunc); /* correct top */ - oci->u.l.savedpc = nci->u.l.savedpc; - oci->callstatus |= CIST_TAIL; /* function was tail called */ - ci = L->ci = oci; /* remove new frame */ - lua_assert(L->top == oci->u.l.base + getproto(ofunc)->maxstacksize); - goto newframe; /* restart luaV_execute over new Lua function */ - } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_RETURN) { - int b = GETARG_B(i); - if (cl->p->sizep > 0) luaF_close(L, base); - b = luaD_poscall(L, ci, ra, (b != 0 ? b - 1 : cast_int(L->top - ra))); - if (ci->callstatus & CIST_FRESH) /* local 'ci' still from callee */ - return; /* external invocation: return */ - else { /* invocation via reentry: continue execution */ - ci = L->ci; - if (b) L->top = ci->top; - lua_assert(isLua(ci)); - lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*((ci)->u.l.savedpc - 1)) == OP_CALL); - goto newframe; /* restart luaV_execute over new Lua function */ - } - } - vmcase(OP_FORLOOP) { - if (ttisinteger(ra)) { /* integer loop? */ - lua_Integer step = ivalue(ra + 2); - lua_Integer idx = intop(+, ivalue(ra), step); /* increment index */ - lua_Integer limit = ivalue(ra + 1); - if ((0 < step) ? (idx <= limit) : (limit <= idx)) { - ci->u.l.savedpc += GETARG_sBx(i); /* jump back */ - chgivalue(ra, idx); /* update internal index... */ - setivalue(ra + 3, idx); /* ...and external index */ - } - } - else { /* floating loop */ - lua_Number step = fltvalue(ra + 2); - lua_Number idx = luai_numadd(L, fltvalue(ra), step); /* inc. index */ - lua_Number limit = fltvalue(ra + 1); - if (luai_numlt(0, step) ? luai_numle(idx, limit) - : luai_numle(limit, idx)) { - ci->u.l.savedpc += GETARG_sBx(i); /* jump back */ - chgfltvalue(ra, idx); /* update internal index... */ - setfltvalue(ra + 3, idx); /* ...and external index */ - } - } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_FORPREP) { - TValue *init = ra; - TValue *plimit = ra + 1; - TValue *pstep = ra + 2; - lua_Integer ilimit; - int stopnow; - if (ttisinteger(init) && ttisinteger(pstep) && - forlimit(plimit, &ilimit, ivalue(pstep), &stopnow)) { - /* all values are integer */ - lua_Integer initv = (stopnow ? 0 : ivalue(init)); - setivalue(plimit, ilimit); - setivalue(init, intop(-, initv, ivalue(pstep))); - } - else { /* try making all values floats */ - lua_Number ninit; lua_Number nlimit; lua_Number nstep; - if (!tonumber(plimit, &nlimit)) - luaG_runerror(L, "'for' limit must be a number"); - setfltvalue(plimit, nlimit); - if (!tonumber(pstep, &nstep)) - luaG_runerror(L, "'for' step must be a number"); - setfltvalue(pstep, nstep); - if (!tonumber(init, &ninit)) - luaG_runerror(L, "'for' initial value must be a number"); - setfltvalue(init, luai_numsub(L, ninit, nstep)); - } - ci->u.l.savedpc += GETARG_sBx(i); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_TFORCALL) { - StkId cb = ra + 3; /* call base */ - setobjs2s(L, cb+2, ra+2); - setobjs2s(L, cb+1, ra+1); - setobjs2s(L, cb, ra); - L->top = cb + 3; /* func. + 2 args (state and index) */ - Protect(luaD_call(L, cb, GETARG_C(i))); - L->top = ci->top; - i = *(ci->u.l.savedpc++); /* go to next instruction */ - ra = RA(i); - lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_TFORLOOP); - goto l_tforloop; - } - vmcase(OP_TFORLOOP) { - l_tforloop: - if (!ttisnil(ra + 1)) { /* continue loop? */ - setobjs2s(L, ra, ra + 1); /* save control variable */ - ci->u.l.savedpc += GETARG_sBx(i); /* jump back */ - } - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_SETLIST) { - int n = GETARG_B(i); - int c = GETARG_C(i); - unsigned int last; - Table *h; - if (n == 0) n = cast_int(L->top - ra) - 1; - if (c == 0) { - lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*ci->u.l.savedpc) == OP_EXTRAARG); - c = GETARG_Ax(*ci->u.l.savedpc++); - } - h = hvalue(ra); - last = ((c-1)*LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH) + n; - if (last > h->sizearray) /* needs more space? */ - luaH_resizearray(L, h, last); /* preallocate it at once */ - for (; n > 0; n--) { - TValue *val = ra+n; - luaH_setint(L, h, last--, val); - luaC_barrierback(L, h, val); - } - L->top = ci->top; /* correct top (in case of previous open call) */ - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_CLOSURE) { - Proto *p = cl->p->p[GETARG_Bx(i)]; - LClosure *ncl = getcached(p, cl->upvals, base); /* cached closure */ - if (ncl == NULL) /* no match? */ - pushclosure(L, p, cl->upvals, base, ra); /* create a new one */ - else - setclLvalue(L, ra, ncl); /* push cashed closure */ - checkGC(L, ra + 1); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_VARARG) { - int b = GETARG_B(i) - 1; /* required results */ - int j; - int n = cast_int(base - ci->func) - cl->p->numparams - 1; - if (n < 0) /* less arguments than parameters? */ - n = 0; /* no vararg arguments */ - if (b < 0) { /* B == 0? */ - b = n; /* get all var. arguments */ - Protect(luaD_checkstack(L, n)); - ra = RA(i); /* previous call may change the stack */ - L->top = ra + n; - } - for (j = 0; j < b && j < n; j++) - setobjs2s(L, ra + j, base - n + j); - for (; j < b; j++) /* complete required results with nil */ - setnilvalue(ra + j); - vmbreak; - } - vmcase(OP_EXTRAARG) { - lua_assert(0); - vmbreak; - } - } - } -} - -/* }================================================================== */ - diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/src/lvm.h b/lua-5.3.3/src/lvm.h deleted file mode 100644 index bcf52d2..0000000 --- a/lua-5.3.3/src/lvm.h +++ /dev/null @@ -1,113 +0,0 @@ -/* -** $Id: lvm.h,v 2.40 2016/01/05 16:07:21 roberto Exp $ -** Lua virtual machine -** See Copyright Notice in lua.h -*/ - -#ifndef lvm_h -#define lvm_h - - -#include "ldo.h" -#include "lobject.h" -#include "ltm.h" - - -#if !defined(LUA_NOCVTN2S) -#define cvt2str(o) ttisnumber(o) -#else -#define cvt2str(o) 0 /* no conversion from numbers to strings */ -#endif - - -#if !defined(LUA_NOCVTS2N) -#define cvt2num(o) ttisstring(o) -#else -#define cvt2num(o) 0 /* no conversion from strings to numbers */ -#endif - - -/* -** You can define LUA_FLOORN2I if you want to convert floats to integers -** by flooring them (instead of raising an error if they are not -** integral values) -*/ -#if !defined(LUA_FLOORN2I) -#define LUA_FLOORN2I 0 -#endif - - -#define tonumber(o,n) \ - (ttisfloat(o) ? (*(n) = fltvalue(o), 1) : luaV_tonumber_(o,n)) - -#define tointeger(o,i) \ - (ttisinteger(o) ? (*(i) = ivalue(o), 1) : luaV_tointeger(o,i,LUA_FLOORN2I)) - -#define intop(op,v1,v2) l_castU2S(l_castS2U(v1) op l_castS2U(v2)) - -#define luaV_rawequalobj(t1,t2) luaV_equalobj(NULL,t1,t2) - - -/* -** fast track for 'gettable': if 't' is a table and 't[k]' is not nil, -** return 1 with 'slot' pointing to 't[k]' (final result). Otherwise, -** return 0 (meaning it will have to check metamethod) with 'slot' -** pointing to a nil 't[k]' (if 't' is a table) or NULL (otherwise). -** 'f' is the raw get function to use. -*/ -#define luaV_fastget(L,t,k,slot,f) \ - (!ttistable(t) \ - ? (slot = NULL, 0) /* not a table; 'slot' is NULL and result is 0 */ \ - : (slot = f(hvalue(t), k), /* else, do raw access */ \ - !ttisnil(slot))) /* result not nil? */ - -/* -** standard implementation for 'gettable' -*/ -#define luaV_gettable(L,t,k,v) { const TValue *slot; \ - if (luaV_fastget(L,t,k,slot,luaH_get)) { setobj2s(L, v, slot); } \ - else luaV_finishget(L,t,k,v,slot); } - - -/* -** Fast track for set table. If 't' is a table and 't[k]' is not nil, -** call GC barrier, do a raw 't[k]=v', and return true; otherwise, -** return false with 'slot' equal to NULL (if 't' is not a table) or -** 'nil'. (This is needed by 'luaV_finishget'.) Note that, if the macro -** returns true, there is no need to 'invalidateTMcache', because the -** call is not creating a new entry. -*/ -#define luaV_fastset(L,t,k,slot,f,v) \ - (!ttistable(t) \ - ? (slot = NULL, 0) \ - : (slot = f(hvalue(t), k), \ - ttisnil(slot) ? 0 \ - : (luaC_barrierback(L, hvalue(t), v), \ - setobj2t(L, cast(TValue *,slot), v), \ - 1))) - - -#define luaV_settable(L,t,k,v) { const TValue *slot; \ - if (!luaV_fastset(L,t,k,slot,luaH_get,v)) \ - luaV_finishset(L,t,k,v,slot); } - - - -LUAI_FUNC int luaV_equalobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2); -LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessthan (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r); -LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessequal (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r); -LUAI_FUNC int luaV_tonumber_ (const TValue *obj, lua_Number *n); -LUAI_FUNC int luaV_tointeger (const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p, int mode); -LUAI_FUNC void luaV_finishget (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key, - StkId val, const TValue *slot); -LUAI_FUNC void luaV_finishset (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key, - StkId val, const TValue *slot); -LUAI_FUNC void luaV_finishOp (lua_State *L); -LUAI_FUNC void luaV_execute (lua_State *L); -LUAI_FUNC void luaV_concat (lua_State *L, int total); -LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_div (lua_State *L, lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y); -LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_mod (lua_State *L, lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y); -LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_shiftl (lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y); -LUAI_FUNC void luaV_objlen (lua_State *L, StkId ra, const TValue *rb); - -#endif diff --git a/lua-5.4.0/CMakeLists.txt b/lua-5.4.0/CMakeLists.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d80b4b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/lua-5.4.0/CMakeLists.txt @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +set(LUA_LIB_SRCS + "src/lapi.c" + "src/lcode.c" + "src/lctype.c" + "src/ldebug.c" + "src/ldo.c" + "src/ldump.c" + "src/lfunc.c" + "src/lgc.c" + "src/llex.c" + "src/lmem.c" + "src/lobject.c" + "src/lopcodes.c" + "src/lparser.c" + "src/lstate.c" + "src/lstring.c" + "src/ltable.c" + "src/ltm.c" + "src/lundump.c" + "src/lvm.c" + "src/lzio.c" + "src/lauxlib.c" + "src/lbaselib.c" + "src/lcorolib.c" + "src/ldblib.c" + "src/liolib.c" + "src/lmathlib.c" + "src/loadlib.c" + "src/loslib.c" + "src/lstrlib.c" + "src/ltablib.c" + "src/lutf8lib.c" + "src/linit.c" +) +#TODO: Redo this with find_package +find_library(LIBM m) +if(NOT LIBM) + message(FATAL_ERROR "libm not found and requred by lua") +endif() +add_library(lua_static STATIC ${LUA_LIB_SRCS}) +set_target_properties(lua_static PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME "lua") +target_link_libraries(lua_static INTERFACE ${LIBM}) +target_include_directories(lua_static PUBLIC "include") +set(LUA_DEFINITIONS) +if(UNIX) + list(APPEND LUA_DEFINITIONS LUA_USE_POSIX) + if(LUA_SUPPORT_DL) + target_compile_definitions(lua_static PRIVATE "LUA_USE_DLOPEN") + target_link_libraries(lua_static INTERFACE dl) + endif() +endif() +target_compile_definitions(lua_static + PUBLIC ${LUA_DEFINITIONS} +) +target_compile_options(lua_static + PRIVATE "-Wall" "-Wextra" +) + +if(LUA_BUILD_BINARY) + include(CheckIncludeFile) + CHECK_INCLUDE_FILE("readline/readline.h" HAVE_READLINE_READLINE_H) + + + add_executable(lua "src/lua.c") + target_link_libraries(lua PUBLIC lua_static) + set_target_properties(lua PROPERTIES + RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR} + ) + if (HAVE_READLINE_READLINE_H) + target_compile_definitions(lua PUBLIC "LUA_USE_READLINE") + target_link_libraries(lua PUBLIC readline) + endif() +endif() +if(LUA_BUILD_COMPILER) + add_executable(luac "src/luac.c") + target_link_libraries(luac PUBLIC lua_static) + set_target_properties(luac PROPERTIES + RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR} + ) +endif() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/Makefile b/lua-5.4.0/Makefile similarity index 83% rename from lua-5.3.3/Makefile rename to lua-5.4.0/Makefile index c795dd7..416f444 100644 --- a/lua-5.3.3/Makefile +++ b/lua-5.4.0/Makefile @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ # == CHANGE THE SETTINGS BELOW TO SUIT YOUR ENVIRONMENT ======================= # Your platform. See PLATS for possible values. -PLAT= none +PLAT= guess # Where to install. The installation starts in the src and doc directories, # so take care if INSTALL_TOP is not an absolute path. See the local target. @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ RM= rm -f # == END OF USER SETTINGS -- NO NEED TO CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE ======= # Convenience platforms targets. -PLATS= aix bsd c89 freebsd generic linux macosx mingw posix solaris +PLATS= guess aix bsd c89 freebsd generic linux linux-readline macosx mingw posix solaris # What to install. TO_BIN= lua luac @@ -45,17 +45,14 @@ TO_LIB= liblua.a TO_MAN= lua.1 luac.1 # Lua version and release. -V= 5.3 -R= $V.3 +V= 5.4 +R= $V.0 # Targets start here. all: $(PLAT) -$(PLATS) clean: - cd src && $(MAKE) $@ - -test: dummy - src/lua -v +$(PLATS) help test clean: + @cd src && $(MAKE) $@ install: dummy cd src && $(MKDIR) $(INSTALL_BIN) $(INSTALL_INC) $(INSTALL_LIB) $(INSTALL_MAN) $(INSTALL_LMOD) $(INSTALL_CMOD) @@ -73,15 +70,10 @@ uninstall: local: $(MAKE) install INSTALL_TOP=../install -none: - @echo "Please do 'make PLATFORM' where PLATFORM is one of these:" - @echo " $(PLATS)" - @echo "See doc/readme.html for complete instructions." - -# make may get confused with test/ and install/ +# make may get confused with install/ if it does not support .PHONY. dummy: -# echo config parameters +# Echo config parameters. echo: @cd src && $(MAKE) -s echo @echo "PLAT= $(PLAT)" @@ -101,14 +93,14 @@ echo: @echo "INSTALL_EXEC= $(INSTALL_EXEC)" @echo "INSTALL_DATA= $(INSTALL_DATA)" -# echo pkg-config data +# Echo pkg-config data. pc: @echo "version=$R" @echo "prefix=$(INSTALL_TOP)" @echo "libdir=$(INSTALL_LIB)" @echo "includedir=$(INSTALL_INC)" -# list targets that do not create files (but not all makes understand .PHONY) -.PHONY: all $(PLATS) clean test install local none dummy echo pecho lecho +# Targets that do not create files (not all makes understand .PHONY). +.PHONY: all $(PLATS) help test clean install uninstall local dummy echo pc # (end of Makefile) diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/README b/lua-5.4.0/README similarity index 70% rename from lua-5.3.3/README rename to lua-5.4.0/README index e84d9ac..57572c0 100644 --- a/lua-5.3.3/README +++ b/lua-5.4.0/README @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -This is Lua 5.3.3, released on 30 May 2016. +This is Lua 5.4.0, released on 18 Jun 2020. For installation instructions, license details, and further information about Lua, see doc/readme.html. diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/contents.html b/lua-5.4.0/doc/contents.html similarity index 87% rename from lua-5.3.3/doc/contents.html rename to lua-5.4.0/doc/contents.html index ca0f568..ffc0323 100644 --- a/lua-5.3.3/doc/contents.html +++ b/lua-5.4.0/doc/contents.html @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -Lua 5.3 Reference Manual - contents +Lua 5.4 Reference Manual - contents @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@

Lua -Lua 5.3 Reference Manual +Lua 5.4 Reference Manual

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ For a complete introduction to Lua programming, see the book

-Copyright © 2015–2016 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. +Copyright © 2020 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. Freely available under the terms of the Lua license. @@ -49,8 +49,10 @@ Freely available under the terms of the

  • 2.4 – Metatables and Metamethods
  • 2.5 – Garbage Collection
  • 2.6 – Coroutines @@ -68,6 +70,7 @@ Freely available under the terms of the
  • 3.3.5 – For Statement
  • 3.3.6 – Function Calls as Statements
  • 3.3.7 – Local Declarations +
  • 3.3.8 – To-be-closed Variables
  • 3.4 – Expressions

    -

  • 6 – Standard Libraries +
  • 6 – The Standard Libraries
    • 6.1 – Basic Functions
    • 6.2 – Coroutine Manipulation @@ -126,9 +134,9 @@ Freely available under the terms of the

    • 8 – Incompatibilities with the Previous Version

    • 9 – The Complete Syntax of Lua @@ -165,10 +173,12 @@ Freely available under the terms of the tonumber
      tostring
      type
      +warn
      xpcall

      coroutine
      +coroutine.close
      coroutine.create
      coroutine.isyieldable
      coroutine.resume
      @@ -187,6 +197,7 @@ Freely available under the terms of the debug.getregistry
      debug.getupvalue
      debug.getuservalue
      +debug.setcstacklimit
      debug.sethook
      debug.setlocal
      debug.setmetatable
      @@ -318,14 +329,46 @@ Freely available under the terms of the utf8.len
      utf8.offset
      +

      metamethods

      +

      +__add
      +__band
      +__bnot
      +__bor
      +__bxor
      +__call
      +__close
      +__concat
      +__div
      +__eq
      +__gc
      +__idiv
      +__index
      +__le
      +__len
      +__lt
      +__metatable
      +__mod
      +__mode
      +__mul
      +__name
      +__newindex
      +__pairs
      +__pow
      +__shl
      +__shr
      +__sub
      +__tostring
      +__unm
      +

      environment
      variables

      LUA_CPATH
      -LUA_CPATH_5_3
      +LUA_CPATH_5_4
      LUA_INIT
      -LUA_INIT_5_3
      +LUA_INIT_5_4
      LUA_PATH
      -LUA_PATH_5_3
      +LUA_PATH_5_4
      @@ -342,6 +385,7 @@ Freely available under the terms of the lua_Reader
      lua_State
      lua_Unsigned
      +lua_WarnFunction
      lua_Writer

      @@ -368,13 +412,13 @@ Freely available under the terms of the lua_gethookmask
      lua_geti
      lua_getinfo
      +lua_getiuservalue
      lua_getlocal
      lua_getmetatable
      lua_getstack
      lua_gettable
      lua_gettop
      lua_getupvalue
      -lua_getuservalue
      lua_insert
      lua_isboolean
      lua_iscfunction
      @@ -395,7 +439,7 @@ Freely available under the terms of the lua_newstate
      lua_newtable
      lua_newthread
      -lua_newuserdata
      +lua_newuserdatauv
      lua_next
      lua_numbertointeger
      lua_pcall
      @@ -427,23 +471,27 @@ Freely available under the terms of the lua_register
      lua_remove
      lua_replace
      +lua_resetthread
      lua_resume
      lua_rotate
      lua_setallocf
      +lua_setcstacklimit
      lua_setfield
      lua_setglobal
      lua_sethook
      lua_seti
      +lua_setiuservalue
      lua_setlocal
      lua_setmetatable
      lua_settable
      lua_settop
      lua_setupvalue
      -lua_setuservalue
      +lua_setwarnf
      lua_status
      lua_stringtonumber
      lua_toboolean
      lua_tocfunction
      +lua_toclose
      lua_tointeger
      lua_tointegerx
      lua_tolstring
      @@ -459,6 +507,7 @@ Freely available under the terms of the lua_upvalueindex
      lua_upvaluejoin
      lua_version
      +lua_warning
      lua_xmove
      lua_yield
      lua_yieldk
      @@ -473,14 +522,19 @@ Freely available under the terms of the

      luaL_addchar
      +luaL_addgsub
      luaL_addlstring
      luaL_addsize
      luaL_addstring
      luaL_addvalue
      luaL_argcheck
      luaL_argerror
      +luaL_argexpected
      +luaL_buffaddr
      luaL_buffinit
      luaL_buffinitsize
      +luaL_bufflen
      +luaL_buffsub
      luaL_callmeta
      luaL_checkany
      luaL_checkinteger
      @@ -512,12 +566,14 @@ Freely available under the terms of the luaL_newmetatable
      luaL_newstate
      luaL_openlibs
      +luaL_opt
      luaL_optinteger
      luaL_optlstring
      luaL_optnumber
      luaL_optstring
      luaL_prepbuffer
      luaL_prepbuffsize
      +luaL_pushfail
      luaL_pushresult
      luaL_pushresultsize
      luaL_ref
      @@ -527,6 +583,7 @@ Freely available under the terms of the luaL_testudata
      luaL_tolstring
      luaL_traceback
      +luaL_typeerror
      luaL_typename
      luaL_unref
      luaL_where
      @@ -548,7 +605,6 @@ Freely available under the terms of the

      LUA_ERRERR
      LUA_ERRFILE
      -LUA_ERRGCMM
      LUA_ERRMEM
      LUA_ERRRUN
      LUA_ERRSYNTAX
      @@ -557,6 +613,7 @@ Freely available under the terms of the LUA_HOOKLINE
      LUA_HOOKRET
      LUA_HOOKTAILCALL
      +LUAL_BUFFERSIZE
      LUA_MASKCALL
      LUA_MASKCOUNT
      LUA_MASKLINE
      @@ -600,7 +657,6 @@ Freely available under the terms of the LUA_TUSERDATA
      LUA_USE_APICHECK
      LUA_YIELD
      -LUAL_BUFFERSIZE
      @@ -608,10 +664,10 @@ Freely available under the terms of the

      Last update: -Thu Jan 14 10:14:28 BRST 2016 +Sat May 30 08:22:18 -03 2020

      diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/index.css b/lua-5.4.0/doc/index.css similarity index 100% rename from lua-5.3.3/doc/index.css rename to lua-5.4.0/doc/index.css diff --git a/lua-5.4.0/doc/logo.gif b/lua-5.4.0/doc/logo.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c77eac Binary files /dev/null and b/lua-5.4.0/doc/logo.gif differ diff --git a/lua-5.4.0/doc/lua.1 b/lua-5.4.0/doc/lua.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a46a1a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/lua-5.4.0/doc/lua.1 @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +.\" $Id: lua.man,v 1.14 2020/05/21 19:31:21 lhf Exp $ +.TH LUA 1 "$Date: 2020/05/21 19:31:21 $" +.SH NAME +lua \- Lua interpreter +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B lua +[ +.I options +] +[ +.I script +[ +.I args +] +] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B lua +is the standalone Lua interpreter. +It loads and executes Lua programs, +either in textual source form or +in precompiled binary form. +(Precompiled binaries are output by +.BR luac , +the Lua compiler.) +.B lua +can be used as a batch interpreter and also interactively. +.LP +After handling the +.IR options , +the Lua program in file +.I script +is loaded and executed. +The +.I args +are available to +.I script +as strings in a global table named +.B arg +and also as arguments to its main function. +When called without arguments, +.B lua +behaves as +.B "lua \-v \-i" +if the standard input is a terminal, +and as +.B "lua \-" +otherwise. +.LP +In interactive mode, +.B lua +prompts the user, +reads lines from the standard input, +and executes them as they are read. +If the line contains an expression, +then the line is evaluated and the result is printed. +If a line does not contain a complete statement, +then a secondary prompt is displayed and +lines are read until a complete statement is formed or +a syntax error is found. +.LP +Before handling command line options and scripts, +.B lua +checks the contents of the environment variables +.B LUA_INIT_5_4 +and +.BR LUA_INIT , +in that order. +If the contents are of the form +.RI '@ filename ', +then +.I filename +is executed. +Otherwise, the contents are assumed to be a Lua statement and is executed. +When +.B LUA_INIT_5_4 +is defined, +.B LUA_INIT +is ignored. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI \-e " stat" +execute statement +.IR stat . +.TP +.B \-i +enter interactive mode after executing +.IR script . +.TP +.BI \-l " name" +require library +.I name +into global +.IR name . +.TP +.B \-v +show version information. +.TP +.B \-E +ignore environment variables. +.TP +.B \-W +turn warnings on. +.TP +.B \-\- +stop handling options. +.TP +.B \- +stop handling options and execute the standard input as a file. +.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES +The following environment variables affect the execution of +.BR lua . +When defined, +the version-specific variants take priority +and the version-neutral variants are ignored. +.TP +.B LUA_INIT, LUA_INIT_5_4 +Code to be executed before command line options and scripts. +.TP +.B LUA_PATH, LUA_PATH_5_4 +Initial value of package.cpath, +the path used by require to search for Lua loaders. +.TP +.B LUA_CPATH, LUA_CPATH_5_4 +Initial value of package.cpath, +the path used by require to search for C loaders. +.SH EXIT STATUS +If a script calls os.exit, +then +.B lua +exits with the given exit status. +Otherwise, +.B lua +exits +with EXIT_SUCCESS (0 on POSIX systems) if there were no errors +and +with EXIT_FAILURE (1 on POSIX systems) if there were errors. +Errors raised in interactive mode do not cause exits. +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +Error messages should be self explanatory. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR luac (1) +.br +The documentation at lua.org, +especially section 7 of the reference manual. +.SH AUTHORS +R. Ierusalimschy, +L. H. de Figueiredo, +W. Celes +.\" EOF diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/lua.css b/lua-5.4.0/doc/lua.css similarity index 94% rename from lua-5.3.3/doc/lua.css rename to lua-5.4.0/doc/lua.css index 5bedf7e..cbd0799 100644 --- a/lua-5.3.3/doc/lua.css +++ b/lua-5.4.0/doc/lua.css @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ body { line-height: 1.25 ; margin: 16px auto ; padding: 32px ; - border: solid #a0a0a0 1px ; + border: solid #ccc 1px ; border-radius: 20px ; max-width: 70em ; width: 90% ; @@ -111,36 +111,29 @@ pre.session { border-radius: 8px ; } -td.gutter { - width: 4% ; -} - -table.columns { +table { border: none ; border-spacing: 0 ; border-collapse: collapse ; } +td { + padding: 0 ; + margin: 0 ; +} + +td.gutter { + width: 4% ; +} + table.columns td { vertical-align: top ; - padding: 0 ; padding-bottom: 1em ; text-align: justify ; line-height: 1.25 ; } -p.logos a:link:hover, p.logos a:visited:hover { - background-color: inherit ; -} - -table.book { - border: none ; - border-spacing: 0 ; - border-collapse: collapse ; -} - table.book td { - padding: 0 ; vertical-align: top ; } @@ -159,6 +152,10 @@ table.book span { margin-top: 0.25em ; } +p.logos a:link:hover, p.logos a:visited:hover { + background-color: inherit ; +} + img { background-color: white ; } diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/luac.1 b/lua-5.4.0/doc/luac.1 similarity index 100% rename from lua-5.3.3/doc/luac.1 rename to lua-5.4.0/doc/luac.1 diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/manual.css b/lua-5.4.0/doc/manual.css similarity index 100% rename from lua-5.3.3/doc/manual.css rename to lua-5.4.0/doc/manual.css diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/manual.html b/lua-5.4.0/doc/manual.html similarity index 77% rename from lua-5.3.3/doc/manual.html rename to lua-5.4.0/doc/manual.html index 5fb26b2..257f490 100644 --- a/lua-5.3.3/doc/manual.html +++ b/lua-5.4.0/doc/manual.html @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -Lua 5.3 Reference Manual +Lua 5.4 Reference Manual @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@

      Lua -Lua 5.3 Reference Manual +Lua 5.4 Reference Manual

      @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, Waldemar Celes

      -Copyright © 2015–2016 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. +Copyright © 2020 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. Freely available under the terms of the Lua license. @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Freely available under the terms of the

      - + @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Lua is dynamically typed, runs by interpreting bytecode with a register-based virtual machine, and has automatic memory management with -incremental garbage collection, +a generational garbage collection, making it ideal for configuration, scripting, and rapid prototyping. @@ -106,15 +106,19 @@ see Roberto's book, Programming in Lua.

      2 – Basic Concepts

      + +

      This section describes the basic concepts of the language. + +

      2.1 – Values and Types

      -Lua is a dynamically typed language. +Lua is a dynamically typed language. This means that variables do not have types; only values do. There are no type definitions in the language. @@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ All values carry their own type.

      -All values in Lua are first-class values. +All values in Lua are first-class values. This means that all values can be stored in variables, passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results. @@ -134,31 +138,17 @@ There are eight basic types in Lua: thread, and table. The type nil has one single value, nil, whose main property is to be different from any other value; -it usually represents the absence of a useful value. +it often represents the absence of a useful value. The type boolean has two values, false and true. Both nil and false make a condition false; -any other value makes it true. -The type number represents both -integer numbers and real (floating-point) numbers. -The type string represents immutable sequences of bytes. - -Lua is 8-bit clean: -strings can contain any 8-bit value, -including embedded zeros ('\0'). -Lua is also encoding-agnostic; -it makes no assumptions about the contents of a string. +they are collectively called false values. +Any other value makes a condition true.

      -The type number uses two internal representations, -or two subtypes, -one called integer and the other called float. -Lua has explicit rules about when each representation is used, -but it also converts between them automatically as needed (see §3.4.3). -Therefore, -the programmer may choose to mostly ignore the difference -between integers and floats -or to assume complete control over the representation of each number. +The type number represents both +integer numbers and real (floating-point) numbers, +using two subtypes: integer and float. Standard Lua uses 64-bit integers and double-precision (64-bit) floats, but you can also compile Lua so that it uses 32-bit integers and/or single-precision (32-bit) floats. @@ -168,6 +158,36 @@ for small machines and embedded systems. (See macro LUA_32BITS in file luaconf.h.) +

      +Unless stated otherwise, +any overflow when manipulating integer values wrap around, +according to the usual rules of two-complement arithmetic. +(In other words, +the actual result is the unique representable integer +that is equal modulo 2n to the mathematical result, +where n is the number of bits of the integer type.) + + +

      +Lua has explicit rules about when each subtype is used, +but it also converts between them automatically as needed (see §3.4.3). +Therefore, +the programmer may choose to mostly ignore the difference +between integers and floats +or to assume complete control over the representation of each number. + + +

      +The type string represents immutable sequences of bytes. + +Lua is 8-bit clean: +strings can contain any 8-bit value, +including embedded zeros ('\0'). +Lua is also encoding-agnostic; +it makes no assumptions about the contents of a string. +The length of any string in Lua must fit in a Lua integer. + +

      Lua can call (and manipulate) functions written in Lua and functions written in C (see §3.4.10). @@ -190,7 +210,8 @@ the programmer can define operations for full userdata values (see §2.4). Userdata values cannot be created or modified in Lua, only through the C API. -This guarantees the integrity of data owned by the host program. +This guarantees the integrity of data owned by +the host program and C libraries.

      @@ -203,20 +224,21 @@ even those that do not support threads natively.

      The type table implements associative arrays, -that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers, -but with any Lua value except nil and NaN. -(Not a Number is a special value used to represent -undefined or unrepresentable numerical results, such as 0/0.) +that is, arrays that can have as indices not only numbers, +but any Lua value except nil and NaN. +(Not a Number is a special floating-point value +used by the IEEE 754 standard to represent +undefined numerical results, such as 0/0.) Tables can be heterogeneous; that is, they can contain values of all types (except nil). -Any key with value nil is not considered part of the table. +Any key associated to the value nil is not considered part of the table. Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has an associated value nil.

      Tables are the sole data-structuring mechanism in Lua; -they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences, +they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, lists, symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc. To represent records, Lua uses the field name as an index. The language supports this representation by @@ -225,13 +247,6 @@ There are several convenient ways to create tables in Lua (see §3.4.9). -

      -We use the term sequence to denote a table where -the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to {1..n} -for some non-negative integer n, -which is called the length of the sequence (see §3.4.7). - -

      Like indices, the values of table fields can be of any type. @@ -252,14 +267,10 @@ In particular, floats with integral values are equal to their respective integers (e.g., 1.0 == 1). To avoid ambiguities, -any float with integral value used as a key -is converted to its respective integer. +any float used as a key that is equal to an integer +is converted to that integer. For instance, if you write a[2.0] = true, -the actual key inserted into the table will be the -integer 2. -(On the other hand, -2 and "2" are different Lua values and therefore -denote different table entries.) +the actual key inserted into the table will be the integer 2.

      @@ -273,7 +284,7 @@ these operations do not imply any kind of copy.

      The library function type returns a string describing the type -of a given value (see §6.1). +of a given value (see type). @@ -282,7 +293,7 @@ of a given value (see §6.1).

      2.2 – Environments and the Global Environment

      -As will be discussed in §3.2 and §3.3.3, +As we will discuss further in §3.2 and §3.3.3, any reference to a free name (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) var is syntactically translated to _ENV.var. @@ -308,24 +319,25 @@ Any table used as the value of _ENV is called an environment Lua keeps a distinguished environment called the global environment. -This value is kept at a special index in the C registry (see §4.5). +This value is kept at a special index in the C registry (see §4.3). In Lua, the global variable _G is initialized with this same value. -(_G is never used internally.) +(_G is never used internally, +so changing its value will affect only your own code.)

      When Lua loads a chunk, -the default value for its _ENV upvalue +the default value for its _ENV variable is the global environment (see load). Therefore, by default, free names in Lua code refer to entries in the global environment -(and, therefore, they are also called global variables). +and, therefore, they are also called global variables. Moreover, all standard libraries are loaded in the global environment and some functions there operate on that environment. You can use load (or loadfile) to load a chunk with a different environment. (In C, you have to load the chunk and then change the value -of its first upvalue.) +of its first upvalue; see lua_setupvalue.) @@ -334,38 +346,56 @@ of its first upvalue.)

      2.3 – Error Handling

      -Because Lua is an embedded extension language, -all Lua actions start from C code in the host program -calling a function from the Lua library. -(When you use Lua standalone, -the lua application is the host program.) -Whenever an error occurs during -the compilation or execution of a Lua chunk, -control returns to the host, -which can take appropriate measures -(such as printing an error message). +Several operations in Lua can raise an error. +An error interrupts the normal flow of the program, +which can continue by catching the error.

      -Lua code can explicitly generate an error by calling the +Lua code can explicitly raise an error by calling the error function. -If you need to catch errors in Lua, -you can use pcall or xpcall -to call a given function in protected mode. +(This function never returns.) + + +

      +To catch errors in Lua, +you can do a protected call, +using pcall (or xpcall). +The function pcall calls a given function in protected mode. +Any error while running the function stops its execution, +and control returns immediately to pcall, +which returns a status code. + + +

      +Because Lua is an embedded extension language, +Lua code starts running by a call +from C code in the host program. +(When you use Lua standalone, +the lua application is the host program.) +Usually, this call is protected; +so, when an otherwise unprotected error occurs during +the compilation or execution of a Lua chunk, +control returns to the host, +which can take appropriate measures, +such as printing an error message.

      Whenever there is an error, -an error object (also called an error message) +an error object is propagated with information about the error. Lua itself only generates errors whose error object is a string, but programs may generate errors with any value as the error object. It is up to the Lua program or its host to handle such error objects. +For historical reasons, +an error object is often called an error message, +even though it does not have to be a string.

      -When you use xpcall or lua_pcall, +When you use xpcall (or lua_pcall, in C) you may give a message handler to be called in case of errors. This function is called with the original error object @@ -378,6 +408,17 @@ so, an error inside the message handler will call the message handler again. If this loop goes on for too long, Lua breaks it and returns an appropriate message. +The message handler is called only for regular runtime errors. +It is not called for memory-allocation errors +nor for errors while running finalizers or other message handlers. + + +

      +Lua also offers a system of warnings (see warn). +Unlike errors, warnings do not interfere +in any way with program execution. +They typically only generate a message to the user, +although this behavior can be adapted from C (see lua_setwarnf). @@ -389,9 +430,9 @@ Lua breaks it and returns an appropriate message. Every value in Lua can have a metatable. This metatable is an ordinary Lua table that defines the behavior of the original value -under certain special operations. +under certain events. You can change several aspects of the behavior -of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable. +of a value by setting specific fields in its metatable. For instance, when a non-numeric value is the operand of an addition, Lua checks for a function in the field "__add" of the value's metatable. If it finds one, @@ -401,33 +442,32 @@ Lua calls this function to perform the addition.

      The key for each event in a metatable is a string with the event name prefixed by two underscores; -the corresponding values are called metamethods. -In the previous example, the key is "__add" +the corresponding value is called a metavalue. +For most events, the metavalue must be a function, +which is then called a metamethod. +In the previous example, the key is the string "__add" and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition. +Unless stated otherwise, +a metamethod may in fact be any callable value, +which is either a function or a value with a __call metamethod.

      You can query the metatable of any value using the getmetatable function. Lua queries metamethods in metatables using a raw access (see rawget). -So, to retrieve the metamethod for event ev in object o, -Lua does the equivalent to the following code: -

      -     rawget(getmetatable(o) or {}, "__ev")
-

      You can replace the metatable of tables using the setmetatable function. -You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua code -(except by using the debug library (§6.10)); -you should use the C API for that. +You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua code, +except by using the debug library (§6.10).

      -Tables and full userdata have individual metatables -(although multiple tables and userdata can share their metatables). +Tables and full userdata have individual metatables, +although multiple tables and userdata can share their metatables. Values of all other types share one single metatable per type; that is, there is one single metatable for all numbers, one for all strings, etc. @@ -436,26 +476,10 @@ but the string library sets a metatable for the string type (see

      -A metatable controls how an object behaves in -arithmetic operations, bitwise operations, -order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, calls, and indexing. -A metatable also can define a function to be called -when a userdata or a table is garbage collected (§2.5). - - -

      -For the unary operators (negation, length, and bitwise NOT), -the metamethod is computed and called with a dummy second operand, -equal to the first one. -This extra operand is only to simplify Lua's internals -(by making these operators behave like a binary operation) -and may be removed in future versions. -(For most uses this extra operand is irrelevant.) - - -

      -A detailed list of events controlled by metatables is given next. -Each operation is identified by its corresponding key. +A detailed list of operations controlled by metatables is given next. +Each event is identified by its corresponding key. +By convention, all metatable keys used by Lua are composed by +two underscores followed by lowercase Latin letters. @@ -463,19 +487,18 @@ Each operation is identified by its corresponding key.

    • __add: the addition (+) operation. -If any operand for an addition is not a number -(nor a string coercible to a number), +If any operand for an addition is not a number, Lua will try to call a metamethod. -First, Lua will check the first operand (even if it is valid). -If that operand does not define a metamethod for __add, +It starts by checking the first operand (even if it is a number); +if that operand does not define a metamethod for __add, then Lua will check the second operand. If Lua can find a metamethod, it calls the metamethod with the two operands as arguments, and the result of the call (adjusted to one value) is the result of the operation. -Otherwise, -it raises an error. +Otherwise, if no metamethod is found, +Lua raises an error.
    • __sub: @@ -518,7 +541,7 @@ the bitwise AND (&) operation. Behavior similar to the addition operation, except that Lua will try a metamethod if any operand is neither an integer -nor a value coercible to an integer (see §3.4.3). +nor a float coercible to an integer (see §3.4.3).
    • __bor: @@ -582,43 +605,33 @@ the less than (<) operation. Behavior similar to the addition operation, except that Lua will try a metamethod only when the values being compared are neither both numbers nor both strings. -The result of the call is always converted to a boolean. +Moreover, the result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
    • __le: the less equal (<=) operation. -Unlike other operations, -the less-equal operation can use two different events. -First, Lua looks for the __le metamethod in both operands, -like in the less than operation. -If it cannot find such a metamethod, -then it will try the __lt metamethod, -assuming that a <= b is equivalent to not (b < a). -As with the other comparison operators, -the result is always a boolean. -(This use of the __lt event can be removed in future versions; -it is also slower than a real __le metamethod.) +Behavior similar to the less than operation.
    • __index: -The indexing access table[key]. +The indexing access operation table[key]. This event happens when table is not a table or when key is not present in table. -The metamethod is looked up in table. +The metavalue is looked up in the metatable of table.

      -Despite the name, -the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table. +The metavalue for this event can be either a function, a table, +or any value with an __index metavalue. If it is a function, it is called with table and key as arguments, and the result of the call (adjusted to one value) is the result of the operation. -If it is a table, -the final result is the result of indexing this table with key. -(This indexing is regular, not raw, -and therefore can trigger another metamethod.) +Otherwise, +the final result is the result of indexing this metavalue with key. +This indexing is regular, not raw, +and therefore can trigger another __index metavalue.

    • __newindex: @@ -626,26 +639,28 @@ The indexing assignment table[key] = value. Like the index event, this event happens when table is not a table or when key is not present in table. -The metamethod is looked up in table. +The metavalue is looked up in the metatable of table.

      Like with indexing, -the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table. +the metavalue for this event can be either a function, a table, +or any value with an __newindex metavalue. If it is a function, it is called with table, key, and value as arguments. -If it is a table, -Lua does an indexing assignment to this table with the same key and value. -(This assignment is regular, not raw, -and therefore can trigger another metamethod.) +Otherwise, +Lua repeats the indexing assignment over this metavalue +with the same key and value. +This assignment is regular, not raw, +and therefore can trigger another __newindex metavalue.

      -Whenever there is a __newindex metamethod, +Whenever a __newindex metavalue is invoked, Lua does not perform the primitive assignment. -(If necessary, +If needed, the metamethod itself can call rawset -to do the assignment.) +to do the assignment.

    • __call: @@ -657,17 +672,32 @@ If present, the metamethod is called with func as its first argument, followed by the arguments of the original call (args). All results of the call -are the result of the operation. -(This is the only metamethod that allows multiple results.) +are the results of the operation. +This is the only metamethod that allows multiple results.

    -It is a good practice to add all needed metamethods to a table -before setting it as a metatable of some object. -In particular, the __gc metamethod works only when this order -is followed (see §2.5.1). +In addition to the previous list, +the interpreter also respects the following keys in metatables: +__gc (see §2.5.3), +__close (see §3.3.8), +__mode (see §2.5.4), +and __name. +(The entry __name, +when it contains a string, +may be used by tostring and in error messages.) + + +

    +For the unary operators (negation, length, and bitwise NOT), +the metamethod is computed and called with a dummy second operand, +equal to the first one. +This extra operand is only to simplify Lua's internals +(by making these operators behave like a binary operation) +and may be removed in future versions. +For most uses this extra operand is irrelevant.

    @@ -679,86 +709,191 @@ Some functions in the standard library use other fields in metatables for their own purposes. +

    +It is a good practice to add all needed metamethods to a table +before setting it as a metatable of some object. +In particular, the __gc metamethod works only when this order +is followed (see §2.5.3). +It is also a good practice to set the metatable of an object +right after its creation. + +

    2.5 – Garbage Collection

    + +

    Lua performs automatic memory management. This means that you do not have to worry about allocating memory for new objects or freeing it when the objects are no longer needed. Lua manages memory automatically by running -a garbage collector to collect all dead objects -(that is, objects that are no longer accessible from Lua). +a garbage collector to collect all dead objects. All memory used by Lua is subject to automatic management: strings, tables, userdata, functions, threads, internal structures, etc.

    -Lua implements an incremental mark-and-sweep collector. -It uses two numbers to control its garbage-collection cycles: -the garbage-collector pause and -the garbage-collector step multiplier. -Both use percentage points as units -(e.g., a value of 100 means an internal value of 1). +An object is considered dead +as soon as the collector can be sure the object +will not be accessed again in the normal execution of the program. +("Normal execution" here excludes finalizers, +which can resurrect dead objects (see §2.5.3), +and excludes also operations using the debug library.) +Note that the time when the collector can be sure that an object +is dead may not coincide with the programmer's expectations. +The only guarantees are that Lua will not collect an object +that may still be accessed in the normal execution of the program, +and it will eventually collect an object +that is inaccessible from Lua. +(Here, +inaccessible from Lua means that neither a variable nor +another live object refer to the object.) +Because Lua has no knowledge about C code, +it never collects objects accessible through the registry (see §4.3), +which includes the global environment (see §2.2). + + +

    +The garbage collector (GC) in Lua can work in two modes: +incremental and generational. + + +

    +The default GC mode with the default parameters +are adequate for most uses. +However, programs that waste a large proportion of their time +allocating and freeing memory can benefit from other settings. +Keep in mind that the GC behavior is non-portable +both across platforms and across different Lua releases; +therefore, optimal settings are also non-portable. + + +

    +You can change the GC mode and parameters by calling +lua_gc in C +or collectgarbage in Lua. +You can also use these functions to control +the collector directly (e.g., to stop and restart it). + + + + + +

    2.5.1 – Incremental Garbage Collection

    + +

    +In incremental mode, +each GC cycle performs a mark-and-sweep collection in small steps +interleaved with the program's execution. +In this mode, +the collector uses three numbers to control its garbage-collection cycles: +the garbage-collector pause, +the garbage-collector step multiplier, +and the garbage-collector step size.

    The garbage-collector pause controls how long the collector waits before starting a new cycle. +The collector starts a new cycle when the use of memory +hits n% of the use after the previous collection. Larger values make the collector less aggressive. -Values smaller than 100 mean the collector will not wait to +Values equal to or less than 100 mean the collector will not wait to start a new cycle. A value of 200 means that the collector waits for the total memory in use to double before starting a new cycle. +The default value is 200; the maximum value is 1000.

    The garbage-collector step multiplier -controls the relative speed of the collector relative to -memory allocation. +controls the speed of the collector relative to +memory allocation, +that is, +how many elements it marks or sweeps for each +kilobyte of memory allocated. Larger values make the collector more aggressive but also increase the size of each incremental step. -You should not use values smaller than 100, +You should not use values less than 100, because they make the collector too slow and can result in the collector never finishing a cycle. -The default is 200, -which means that the collector runs at "twice" -the speed of memory allocation. +The default value is 100; the maximum value is 1000.

    -If you set the step multiplier to a very large number -(larger than 10% of the maximum number of -bytes that the program may use), -the collector behaves like a stop-the-world collector. -If you then set the pause to 200, -the collector behaves as in old Lua versions, -doing a complete collection every time Lua doubles its -memory usage. +The garbage-collector step size controls the +size of each incremental step, +specifically how many bytes the interpreter allocates +before performing a step. +This parameter is logarithmic: +A value of n means the interpreter will allocate 2n +bytes between steps and perform equivalent work during the step. +A large value (e.g., 60) makes the collector a stop-the-world +(non-incremental) collector. +The default value is 13, +which means steps of approximately 8 Kbytes. + + + + + +

    2.5.2 – Generational Garbage Collection

    + +

    +In generational mode, +the collector does frequent minor collections, +which traverses only objects recently created. +If after a minor collection the use of memory is still above a limit, +the collector does a stop-the-world major collection, +which traverses all objects. +The generational mode uses two parameters: +the minor multiplier and the the major multiplier.

    -You can change these numbers by calling lua_gc in C -or collectgarbage in Lua. -You can also use these functions to control -the collector directly (e.g., stop and restart it). +The minor multiplier controls the frequency of minor collections. +For a minor multiplier x, +a new minor collection will be done when memory +grows x% larger than the memory in use after the previous major +collection. +For instance, for a multiplier of 20, +the collector will do a minor collection when the use of memory +gets 20% larger than the use after the previous major collection. +The default value is 20; the maximum value is 200. + + +

    +The major multiplier controls the frequency of major collections. +For a major multiplier x, +a new major collection will be done when memory +grows x% larger than the memory in use after the previous major +collection. +For instance, for a multiplier of 100, +the collector will do a major collection when the use of memory +gets larger than twice the use after the previous collection. +The default value is 100; the maximum value is 1000. -

    2.5.1 – Garbage-Collection Metamethods

    + + +

    2.5.3 – Garbage-Collection Metamethods

    You can set garbage-collector metamethods for tables and, using the C API, for full userdata (see §2.4). -These metamethods are also called finalizers. +These metamethods, called finalizers, +are called when the garbage collector detects that the +corresponding table or userdata is dead. Finalizers allow you to coordinate Lua's garbage collection -with external resource management -(such as closing files, network or database connections, -or freeing your own memory). +with external resource management such as closing files, +network or database connections, +or freeing your own memory.

    @@ -773,22 +908,20 @@ the object will not be marked for finalization.

    -When a marked object becomes garbage, +When a marked object becomes dead, it is not collected immediately by the garbage collector. Instead, Lua puts it in a list. After the collection, Lua goes through that list. For each object in the list, it checks the object's __gc metamethod: -If it is a function, -Lua calls it with the object as its single argument; -if the metamethod is not a function, -Lua simply ignores it. +If it is present, +Lua calls it with the object as its single argument.

    At the end of each garbage-collection cycle, -the finalizers for objects are called in +the finalizers are called in the reverse order that the objects were marked for finalization, among those collected in that cycle; that is, the first finalizer to be called is the one associated @@ -808,10 +941,10 @@ However, if the finalizer stores the object in some global place then the resurrection is permanent. Moreover, if the finalizer marks a finalizing object for finalization again, its finalizer will be called again in the next cycle where the -object is unreachable. +object is dead. In any case, the object memory is freed only in a GC cycle where -the object is unreachable and not marked for finalization. +the object is dead and not marked for finalization.

    @@ -822,10 +955,26 @@ If any finalizer marks objects for collection during that phase, these marks have no effect. +

    +Finalizers cannot yield. +Except for that, they can do anything, +such as raise errors, create new objects, +or even run the garbage collector. +However, because they can run in unpredictable times, +it is good practice to restrict each finalizer +to the minimum necessary to properly release +its associated resource. + + +

    +Any error while running a finalizer generates a warning; +the error is not propagated. -

    2.5.2 – Weak Tables

    + + +

    2.5.4 – Weak Tables

    A weak table is a table whose elements are @@ -846,10 +995,10 @@ In any case, if either the key or the value is collected, the whole pair is removed from the table. The weakness of a table is controlled by the __mode field of its metatable. -If the __mode field is a string containing the character 'k', -the keys in the table are weak. -If __mode contains 'v', -the values in the table are weak. +This metavalue, if present, must be one of the following strings: +"k", for a table with weak keys; +"v", for a table with weak values; +or "kv", for a table with both weak keys and values.

    @@ -873,13 +1022,15 @@ before the change takes effect.

    Only objects that have an explicit construction are removed from weak tables. -Values, such as numbers and light C functions, +Values, such as numbers and light C functions, are not subject to garbage collection, and therefore are not removed from weak tables (unless their associated values are collected). Although strings are subject to garbage collection, -they do not have an explicit construction, -and therefore are not removed from weak tables. +they do not have an explicit construction and +their equality is by value; +they behave more like values than like objects. +Therefore, they are not removed from weak tables.

    @@ -946,7 +1097,10 @@ In case of normal termination, coroutine.resume returns true, plus any values returned by the coroutine main function. In case of errors, coroutine.resume returns false -plus an error object. +plus the error object. +In this case, the coroutine does not unwind its stack, +so that it is possible to inspect it after the error +with the debug API.

    @@ -974,8 +1128,10 @@ go as extra arguments to coroutine.resume< coroutine.wrap returns all the values returned by coroutine.resume, except the first one (the boolean error code). Unlike coroutine.resume, -coroutine.wrap does not catch errors; -any error is propagated to the caller. +the function created by coroutine.wrap +propagates any error to the caller. +In this case, +the function also closes the coroutine (see coroutine.close).

    @@ -1026,6 +1182,8 @@ and lua_yield.

    3 – The Language

    + +

    This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Lua. In other words, @@ -1048,20 +1206,25 @@ at the end of this manual. + +

    3.1 – Lexical Conventions

    Lua is a free-form language. -It ignores spaces (including new lines) and comments -between lexical elements (tokens), -except as delimiters between names and keywords. +It ignores spaces and comments between lexical elements (tokens), +except as delimiters between two tokens. +In source code, +Lua recognizes as spaces the standard ASCII whitespace +characters space, form feed, newline, +carriage return, horizontal tab, and vertical tab.

    Names (also called identifiers) -in Lua can be any string of letters, -digits, and underscores, +in Lua can be any string of Latin letters, +Arabic-Indic digits, and underscores, not beginning with a digit and not being a reserved word. Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels. @@ -1084,7 +1247,7 @@ Lua is a case-sensitive language: and is a reserved word, but And and AND are two different, valid names. As a convention, -programs should avoid creating +programs should avoid creating names that start with an underscore followed by one or more uppercase letters (such as _VERSION). @@ -1101,7 +1264,7 @@ The following strings denote other tokens:

    -Literal strings +A short literal string can be delimited by matching single or double quotes, and can contain the following C-like escape sequences: '\a' (bell), @@ -1114,21 +1277,22 @@ and can contain the following C-like escape sequences: '\\' (backslash), '\"' (quotation mark [double quote]), and '\'' (apostrophe [single quote]). -A backslash followed by a real newline +A backslash followed by a line break results in a newline in the string. The escape sequence '\z' skips the following span -of white-space characters, +of whitespace characters, including line breaks; it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces into the string contents. +A short literal string cannot contain unescaped line breaks +nor escapes not forming a valid escape sequence.

    -Strings in Lua can contain any 8-bit value, including embedded zeros, -which can be specified as '\0'. -More generally, -we can specify any byte in a literal string by its numeric value. +We can specify any byte in a short literal string, +including embedded zeros, +by its numeric value. This can be done with the escape sequence \xXX, where XX is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits, @@ -1142,9 +1306,12 @@ it must be expressed using exactly three digits.) The UTF-8 encoding of a Unicode character can be inserted in a literal string with the escape sequence \u{XXX} -(note the mandatory enclosing brackets), +(with mandatory enclosing braces), where XXX is a sequence of one or more hexadecimal digits representing the character code point. +This code point can be any value less than 231. +(Lua uses the original UTF-8 specification here, +which is not restricted to valid Unicode code points.)

    @@ -1169,23 +1336,11 @@ Any kind of end-of-line sequence (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline, or newline followed by carriage return) is converted to a simple newline. - - -

    -Any byte in a literal string not -explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself. -However, Lua opens files for parsing in text mode, -and the system file functions may have problems with -some control characters. -So, it is safer to represent -non-text data as a quoted literal with -explicit escape sequences for the non-text characters. - - -

    -For convenience, -when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline, +When the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline, the newline is not included in the string. + + +

    As an example, in a system using ASCII (in which 'a' is coded as 97, newline is coded as 10, and '1' is coded as 49), @@ -1202,6 +1357,17 @@ the five literal strings below denote the same string: 123"]==] +

    +Any byte in a literal string not +explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself. +However, Lua opens files for parsing in text mode, +and the system's file functions may have problems with +some control characters. +So, it is safer to represent +binary data as a quoted literal with +explicit escape sequences for the non-text characters. + +

    A numeric constant (or numeral) can be written with an optional fractional part @@ -1212,11 +1378,23 @@ which start with 0x or 0X. Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part plus an optional binary exponent, marked by a letter 'p' or 'P'. -A numeric constant with a radix point or an exponent + + +

    +A numeric constant with a radix point or an exponent denotes a float; otherwise, -if its value fits in an integer, -it denotes an integer. +if its value fits in an integer or it is a hexadecimal constant, +it denotes an integer; +otherwise (that is, a decimal integer numeral that overflows), +it denotes a float. +Hexadecimal numerals with neither a radix point nor an exponent +always denote an integer value; +if the value overflows, it wraps around +to fit into a valid integer. + + +

    Examples of valid integer constants are 

    @@ -1237,7 +1415,6 @@ the comment is a short comment,
 which runs until the end of the line.
 Otherwise, it is a long comment,
 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket.
-Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily.
 
 
 
@@ -1259,7 +1436,7 @@ which is a particular kind of local variable):
 
     	var ::= Name
 
    
-Name denotes identifiers, as defined in §3.1.
+Name denotes identifiers (see §3.1).
 
 
 
    
@@ -1280,13 +1457,8 @@ Square brackets are used to index a table:
 
     	var ::= prefixexp ‘[’ exp ‘]’
 
    
-The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables.
-An access to an indexed variable t[i] is equivalent to
-a call gettable_event(t,i).
-(See §2.4 for a complete description of the
-gettable_event function.
-This function is not defined or callable in Lua.
-We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
+The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables
+(see §2.4).
 
 
 
    
@@ -1301,7 +1473,7 @@ The syntax var.Name is just syntactic sugar for
 An access to a global variable x
 is equivalent to _ENV.x.
 Due to the way that chunks are compiled,
-_ENV is never a global name (see §2.2).
+the variable _ENV itself is never global (see §2.2).
 
 
 
@@ -1309,15 +1481,19 @@ Due to the way that chunks are compiled,
 
 
    3.3 – Statements
    
 
+
+
 
    
 Lua supports an almost conventional set of statements,
-similar to those in Pascal or C.
+similar to those in other conventional languages.
 This set includes
-assignments, control structures, function calls,
+blocks, assignments, control structures, function calls,
 and variable declarations.
 
 
 
+
+
 
    3.3.1 – Blocks
    
 
 
    
@@ -1337,7 +1513,7 @@ or write two semicolons in sequence:

    -Function calls and assignments +Both function calls and assignments can start with an open parenthesis. This possibility leads to an ambiguity in Lua's grammar. Consider the following fragment: @@ -1346,7 +1522,7 @@ Consider the following fragment: a = b + c (print or io.write)('done')

    -The grammar could see it in two ways: +The grammar could see this fragment in two ways: 

          a = b + c(print or io.write)('done')
@@ -1400,7 +1576,7 @@ As such, chunks can define local variables,
 receive arguments, and return values.
 Moreover, such anonymous function is compiled as in the
 scope of an external local variable called _ENV (see §2.2).
-The resulting function always has _ENV as its only upvalue,
+The resulting function always has _ENV as its only external variable,
 even if it does not use that variable.
 
 
@@ -1415,7 +1591,7 @@ with an interpreter for the virtual machine.
 
 
    
 Chunks can also be precompiled into binary form;
-see program luac and function string.dump for details.
+see the program luac and the function string.dump for details.
 Programs in source and compiled forms are interchangeable;
 Lua automatically detects the file type and acts accordingly (see load).
 
@@ -1447,7 +1623,7 @@ the list of variables.
 If there are more values than needed,
 the excess values are thrown away.
 If there are fewer values than needed,
-the list is extended with as many  nil's as needed.
+the list is extended with nil's.
 If the list of expressions ends with a function call,
 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values,
 before the adjustment
@@ -1480,23 +1656,18 @@ and
 cyclically permutes the values of x, y, and z.
 
 
-
    
-The meaning of assignments to global variables
-and table fields can be changed via metatables.
-An assignment to an indexed variable t[i] = val is equivalent to
-settable_event(t,i,val).
-(See §2.4 for a complete description of the
-settable_event function.
-This function is not defined or callable in Lua.
-We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
-
-
 
    
 An assignment to a global name x = val
 is equivalent to the assignment
 _ENV.x = val (see §2.2).
 
 
+
    
+The meaning of assignments to table fields and
+global variables (which are actually table fields, too)
+can be changed via metatables (see §2.4).
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -1519,9 +1690,9 @@ Lua also has a for statement, in two flavors (see §
 
    
 The condition expression of a
 control structure can return any value.
-Both false and nil are considered false.
-All values different from nil and false are considered true
-(in particular, the number 0 and the empty string are also true).
+Both false and nil test false.
+All values different from nil and false test true.
+In particular, the number 0 and the empty string also test true.
 
 
 
    
@@ -1547,11 +1718,12 @@ labels in Lua are considered statements too:
 
 
    
 A label is visible in the entire block where it is defined,
-except
-inside nested blocks where a label with the same name is defined and
-inside nested functions.
+except inside nested functions.
 A goto may jump to any visible label as long as it does not
 enter into the scope of a local variable.
+A label should not be declared
+where a label with the same name is visible,
+even if this other label has been declared in an enclosing block.
 
 
 
    
@@ -1574,7 +1746,7 @@ A break ends the innermost enclosing loop.
 
    
 The return statement is used to return values
 from a function or a chunk
-(which is an anonymous function).
+(which is handled as an anonymous function).
 
 Functions can return more than one value,
 so the syntax for the return statement is
@@ -1586,7 +1758,7 @@ so the syntax for the return statement is
 
    
 The return statement can only be written
 as the last statement of a block.
-If it is really necessary to return in the middle of a block,
+If it is necessary to return in the middle of a block,
 then an explicit inner block can be used,
 as in the idiom do return end,
 because now return is the last statement in its (inner) block.
@@ -1603,72 +1775,70 @@ The for statement has two forms:
 one numerical and one generic.
 
 
+
+
    The numerical for loop
    
+
 
    
 The numerical for loop repeats a block of code while a
-control variable runs through an arithmetic progression.
+control variable goes through an arithmetic progression.
 It has the following syntax:
 
 
     	stat ::= for Name ‘=’ exp ‘,’ exp [‘,’ exp] do block end
 
    
-The block is repeated for name starting at the value of
-the first exp, until it passes the second exp by steps of the
-third exp.
-More precisely, a for statement like
+The given identifier (Name) defines the control variable,
+which is a new variable local to the loop body (block).
 
-
    -     for v = e1, e2, e3 do block end
-
    
-is equivalent to the code:
-
-
    -     do
-       local var, limit, step = tonumber(e1), tonumber(e2), tonumber(e3)
-       if not (var and limit and step) then error() end
-       var = var - step
-       while true do
-         var = var + step
-         if (step >= 0 and var > limit) or (step < 0 and var < limit) then
-           break
-         end
-         local v = var
-         block
-       end
-     end
-
    
 
 
    
-Note the following:
+The loop starts by evaluating once the three control expressions.
+Their values are called respectively
+the initial value, the limit, and the step.
+If the step is absent, it defaults to 1.
 
-
      
 
-
    • 
-All three control expressions are evaluated only once,
-before the loop starts.
-They must all result in numbers.
-
      • 
+
      
+If both the initial value and the step are integers,
+the loop is done with integers;
+note that the limit may not be an integer.
+Otherwise, the three values are converted to
+floats and the loop is done with floats.
+Beware of floating-point accuracy in this case.
 
-
    • 
-var, limit, and step are invisible variables.
-The names shown here are for explanatory purposes only.
-
      • 
 
-
    • 
-If the third expression (the step) is absent,
-then a step of 1 is used.
-
      • 
+
      
+After that initialization,
+the loop body is repeated with the value of the control variable
+going through an arithmetic progression,
+starting at the initial value,
+with a common difference given by the step.
+A negative step makes a decreasing sequence;
+a step equal to zero raises an error.
+The loop continues while the value is less than
+or equal to the limit
+(greater than or equal to for a negative step).
+If the initial value is already greater than the limit
+(or less than, if the step is negative),
+the body is not executed.
 
-
    • 
-You can use break and goto to exit a for loop.
-
      • 
 
-
    • 
-The loop variable v is local to the loop body.
+
      
+For integer loops,
+the control variable never wraps around;
+instead, the loop ends in case of an overflow.
+
+
+
      
+You should not change the value of the control variable
+during the loop.
 If you need its value after the loop,
 assign it to another variable before exiting the loop.
-
      • 
 
-
    
+
+
+
+
+
    The generic for loop
    
 
 
    
 The generic for statement works over functions,
@@ -1684,49 +1854,50 @@ The generic for loop has the following syntax:
 A for statement like
 
 
    -     for var_1, ···, var_n in explist do block end
+     for var_1, ···, var_n in explist do body end
 
    
-is equivalent to the code:
+works as follows.
 
-
    -     do
-       local f, s, var = explist
-       while true do
-         local var_1, ···, var_n = f(s, var)
-         if var_1 == nil then break end
-         var = var_1
-         block
-       end
-     end
-
    
-Note the following:
 
-
    
 
 
 
@@ -1747,16 +1918,32 @@ Function calls are explained in §3.4.10.
 
 
    3.3.7 – Local Declarations
    
 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block.
-The declaration can include an initial assignment:
+The declaration can include an initialization:
 
 
    -	stat ::= local namelist [‘=’ explist]
+	stat ::= local attnamelist [‘=’ explist]
+	attnamelist ::=  Name attrib {‘,’ Name attrib}
 
    
 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics
 of a multiple assignment (see §3.3.3).
 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with nil.
 
 
+
    
+Each variable name may be postfixed by an attribute
+(a name between angle brackets):
+
+
    +	attrib ::= [‘<’ Name ‘>’]
+
    
+There are two possible attributes:
+const, which declares a constant variable,
+that is, a variable that cannot be assigned to
+after its initialization;
+and close, which declares a to-be-closed variable (see §3.3.8).
+A list of variables can contain at most one to-be-closed variable.
+
+
 
    
 A chunk is also a block (see §3.3.2),
 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block.
@@ -1769,10 +1956,81 @@ The visibility rules for local variables are explained in §3
 
 
 
+
    3.3.8 – To-be-closed Variables
    
+
+
    
+A to-be-closed variable behaves like a constant local variable,
+except that its value is closed whenever the variable
+goes out of scope, including normal block termination,
+exiting its block by break/goto/return,
+or exiting by an error.
+
+
+
    
+Here, to close a value means
+to call its __close metamethod.
+When calling the metamethod,
+the value itself is passed as the first argument
+and the error object that caused the exit (if any)
+is passed as a second argument;
+if there was no error, the second argument is nil.
+
+
+
    
+The value assigned to a to-be-closed variable
+must have a __close metamethod
+or be a false value.
+(nil and false are ignored as to-be-closed values.)
+
+
+
    
+If several to-be-closed variables go out of scope at the same event,
+they are closed in the reverse order that they were declared.
+
+
+
    
+If there is any error while running a closing method,
+that error is handled like an error in the regular code
+where the variable was defined.
+However, Lua may call the method one more time.
+
+
+
    
+After an error,
+the other pending closing methods will still be called.
+Errors in these methods
+interrupt the respective method and generate a warning,
+but are otherwise ignored;
+the error reported is only the original one.
+
+
+
    
+If a coroutine yields and is never resumed again,
+some variables may never go out of scope,
+and therefore they will never be closed.
+(These variables are the ones created inside the coroutine
+and in scope at the point where the coroutine yielded.)
+Similarly, if a coroutine ends with an error,
+it does not unwind its stack,
+so it does not close any variable.
+In both cases,
+you can either use finalizers
+or call coroutine.close to close the variables.
+However, if the coroutine was created
+through coroutine.wrap,
+then its corresponding function will close the coroutine
+in case of errors.
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
 
    3.4 – Expressions
    
 
+
+
 
    
 The basic expressions in Lua are the following:
 
@@ -1835,17 +2093,17 @@ Here are some examples:
      g(f(), x)          -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
      g(x, f())          -- g gets x plus all results from f()
      a,b,c = f(), x     -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil)
-     a,b = ...          -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets
+     a,b = ...          -- a gets the first vararg argument, b gets
                         -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there
-                        -- is no corresponding vararg parameter)
+                        -- is no corresponding vararg argument)
      
      a,b,c = x, f()     -- f() is adjusted to 2 results
      a,b,c = f()        -- f() is adjusted to 3 results
      return f()         -- returns all results from f()
-     return ...         -- returns all received vararg parameters
+     return ...         -- returns all received vararg arguments
      return x,y,f()     -- returns x, y, and all results from f()
      {f()}              -- creates a list with all results from f()
-     {...}              -- creates a list with all vararg parameters
+     {...}              -- creates a list with all vararg arguments
      {f(), nil}         -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
    @@ -1859,6 +2117,8 @@ or nil if f does not return any values.) + +

    3.4.1 – Arithmetic Operators

    Lua supports the following arithmetic operators: @@ -1878,14 +2138,14 @@ With the exception of exponentiation and float division, the arithmetic operators work as follows: If both operands are integers, the operation is performed over integers and the result is an integer. -Otherwise, if both operands are numbers -or strings that can be converted to -numbers (see §3.4.3), +Otherwise, if both operands are numbers, then they are converted to floats, -the operation is performed following the usual rules +the operation is performed following the machine's rules for floating-point arithmetic (usually the IEEE 754 standard), and the result is a float. +(The string library coerces strings to numbers in +arithmetic operations; see §3.4.3 for details.)

    @@ -1897,9 +2157,9 @@ so that it works for non-integer exponents too.

    -Floor division (//) is a division +Floor division (//) is a division that rounds the quotient towards minus infinity, -that is, the floor of the division of its operands. +resulting in the floor of the division of its operands.

    @@ -1909,11 +2169,7 @@ that rounds the quotient towards minus infinity (floor division).

    In case of overflows in integer arithmetic, -all operations wrap around, -according to the usual rules of two-complement arithmetic. -(In other words, -they return the unique representable integer -that is equal modulo 264 to the mathematical result.) +all operations wrap around. @@ -1954,17 +2210,11 @@ Bitwise operators always convert float operands to integers. Exponentiation and float division always convert integer operands to floats. All other arithmetic operations applied to mixed numbers -(integers and floats) convert the integer operand to a float; -this is called the usual rule. +(integers and floats) convert the integer operand to a float. The C API also converts both integers to floats and floats to integers, as needed. Moreover, string concatenation accepts numbers as arguments, -besides strings. - - -

    -Lua also converts strings to numbers, -whenever a number is expected. +besides strings.

    @@ -1987,28 +2237,45 @@ Otherwise, the conversion fails.

    -The conversion from strings to numbers goes as follows: -First, the string is converted to an integer or a float, -following its syntax and the rules of the Lua lexer. -(The string may have also leading and trailing spaces and a sign.) -Then, the resulting number (float or integer) -is converted to the type (float or integer) required by the context -(e.g., the operation that forced the conversion). +Several places in Lua coerce strings to numbers when necessary. +In particular, +the string library sets metamethods that try to coerce +strings to numbers in all arithmetic operations. +If the conversion fails, +the library calls the metamethod of the other operand +(if present) or it raises an error. +Note that bitwise operators do not do this coercion.

    -All conversions from strings to numbers +Nonetheless, it is always a good practice not to rely on these +implicit coercions, as they are not always applied; +in particular, "1"==1 is false and "1"<1 raises an error +(see §3.4.4). +These coercions exist mainly for compatibility and may be removed +in future versions of the language. + + +

    +A string is converted to an integer or a float +following its syntax and the rules of the Lua lexer. +The string may have also leading and trailing whitespaces and a sign. +All conversions from strings to numbers accept both a dot and the current locale mark as the radix character. (The Lua lexer, however, accepts only a dot.) +If the string is not a valid numeral, +the conversion fails. +If necessary, the result of this first step is then converted +to a specific number subtype following the previous rules +for conversions between floats and integers.

    The conversion from numbers to strings uses a non-specified human-readable format. -For complete control over how numbers are converted to strings, -use the format function from the string library -(see string.format). +To convert numbers to strings in any specific way, +use the function string.format. @@ -2032,7 +2299,7 @@ These operators always result in false or true. Equality (==) first compares the type of its operands. If the types are different, then the result is false. Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared. -Strings are compared in the obvious way. +Strings are equal if they have the same byte content. Numbers are equal if they denote the same mathematical value. @@ -2041,16 +2308,19 @@ Tables, userdata, and threads are compared by reference: two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object. Every time you create a new object -(a table, userdata, or thread), +(a table, a userdata, or a thread), this new object is different from any previously existing object. -Closures with the same reference are always equal. -Closures with any detectable difference +A function is always equal to itself. +Functions with any detectable difference (different behavior, different definition) are always different. +Functions created at different times but with no detectable differences +may be classified as equal or not +(depending on internal caching details).

    You can change the way that Lua compares tables and userdata -by using the "eq" metamethod (see §2.4). +by using the __eq metamethod (see §2.4).

    @@ -2068,11 +2338,11 @@ The operator ~= is exactly the negation of equality (== The order operators work as follows. If both arguments are numbers, -then they are compared according to their mathematical values -(regardless of their subtypes). +then they are compared according to their mathematical values, +regardless of their subtypes. Otherwise, if both arguments are strings, then their values are compared according to the current locale. -Otherwise, Lua tries to call the "lt" or the "le" +Otherwise, Lua tries to call the __lt or the __le metamethod (see §2.4). A comparison a > b is translated to b < a and a >= b is translated to b <= a. @@ -2080,8 +2350,8 @@ and a >= b is translated to b <= a.

    Following the IEEE 754 standard, -NaN is considered neither smaller than, -nor equal to, nor greater than any value (including itself). +the special value NaN is considered neither less than, +nor equal to, nor greater than any value, including itself. @@ -2117,10 +2387,7 @@ Here are some examples: false and nil --> false false or nil --> nil 10 and 20 --> 20 -

    -(In this manual, ---> indicates the result of the preceding expression.) - + @@ -2128,8 +2395,9 @@ Here are some examples:

    3.4.6 – Concatenation

    The string concatenation operator in Lua is denoted by two dots ('..'). -If both operands are strings or numbers, then they are converted to -strings according to the rules described in §3.4.3. +If both operands are strings or numbers, +then the numbers are converted to strings +in a non-specified format (see §3.4.3). Otherwise, the __concat metamethod is called (see §2.4). @@ -2140,9 +2408,61 @@ Otherwise, the __concat metamethod is called (see &s

    The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator #. -The length of a string is its number of bytes -(that is, the usual meaning of string length when each -character is one byte). + + +

    +The length of a string is its number of bytes. +(That is the usual meaning of string length when each +character is one byte.) + + +

    +The length operator applied on a table +returns a border in that table. +A border in a table t is any natural number +that satisfies the following condition: + +

    +     (border == 0 or t[border] ~= nil) and t[border + 1] == nil
+

    +In words, +a border is any (natural) index present in the table +that is followed by an absent index +(or zero, when index 1 is absent). + + +

    +A table with exactly one border is called a sequence. +For instance, the table {10, 20, 30, 40, 50} is a sequence, +as it has only one border (5). +The table {10, 20, 30, nil, 50} has two borders (3 and 5), +and therefore it is not a sequence. +(The nil at index 4 is called a hole.) +The table {nil, 20, 30, nil, nil, 60, nil} +has three borders (0, 3, and 6) and three holes +(at indices 1, 4, and 5), +so it is not a sequence, too. +The table {} is a sequence with border 0. +Note that non-natural keys do not interfere +with whether a table is a sequence. + + +

    +When t is a sequence, +#t returns its only border, +which corresponds to the intuitive notion of the length of the sequence. +When t is not a sequence, +#t can return any of its borders. +(The exact one depends on details of +the internal representation of the table, +which in turn can depend on how the table was populated and +the memory addresses of its non-numeric keys.) + + +

    +The computation of the length of a table +has a guaranteed worst time of O(log n), +where n is the largest natural key in the table.

    @@ -2150,27 +2470,6 @@ A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for any value but strings through the __len metamethod (see §2.4). -

    -Unless a __len metamethod is given, -the length of a table t is only defined if the -table is a sequence, -that is, -the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to {1..n} -for some non-negative integer n. -In that case, n is its length. -Note that a table like - -

    -     {10, 20, nil, 40}
-

    -is not a sequence, because it has the key 4 -but does not have the key 3. -(So, there is no n such that the set {1..n} is equal -to the set of positive numeric keys of that table.) -Note, however, that non-numeric keys do not interfere -with whether a table is a sequence. - - @@ -2221,10 +2520,10 @@ Each field of the form [exp1] = exp2 adds to the new table an entry with key exp1 and value exp2. A field of the form name = exp is equivalent to ["name"] = exp. -Finally, fields of the form exp are equivalent to +Fields of the form exp are equivalent to [i] = exp, where i are consecutive integers -starting with 1. -Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting. +starting with 1; +fields in the other formats do not affect this counting. For example, 

    @@ -2277,8 +2576,9 @@ first prefixexp and args are evaluated.
 If the value of prefixexp has type function,
 then this function is called
 with the given arguments.
-Otherwise, the prefixexp "call" metamethod is called,
-having as first parameter the value of prefixexp,
+Otherwise, if present,
+the prefixexp __call metamethod is called:
+its first argument is the value of prefixexp,
 followed by the original call arguments
 (see §2.4).
 
@@ -2289,7 +2589,7 @@ The form
 
     	functioncall ::= prefixexp ‘:’ Name args
 
    
-can be used to call "methods".
+can be used to emulate methods.
 A call v:name(args)
 is syntactic sugar for v.name(v,args),
 except that v is evaluated only once.
@@ -2314,8 +2614,8 @@ that is, the argument list is a single literal string.
 
 
 
    
-A call of the form return functioncall is called
-a tail call.
+A call of the form return functioncall not in the
+scope of a to-be-closed variable is called a tail call.
 Lua implements proper tail calls
 (or proper tail recursion):
 in a tail call,
@@ -2325,14 +2625,16 @@ a program can execute.
 However, a tail call erases any debug information about the
 calling function.
 Note that a tail call only happens with a particular syntax,
-where the return has one single function call as argument;
-this syntax makes the calling function return exactly
-the returns of the called function.
+where the return has one single function call as argument,
+and it is outside the scope of any to-be-closed variable.
+This syntax makes the calling function return exactly
+the returns of the called function,
+without any intervening action.
 So, none of the following examples are tail calls:
 
 
          return (f(x))        -- results adjusted to 1
-     return 2 * f(x)
+     return 2 * f(x)      -- result multiplied by 2
      return x, f(x)       -- additional results
      f(x); return         -- results discarded
      return x or f(x)     -- results adjusted to 1
@@ -2402,10 +2704,11 @@ contains references to f.)
 A function definition is an executable expression,
 whose value has type function.
 When Lua precompiles a chunk,
-all its function bodies are precompiled too.
+all its function bodies are precompiled too,
+but they are not created yet.
 Then, whenever Lua executes the function definition,
 the function is instantiated (or closed).
-This function instance (or closure)
+This function instance, or closure,
 is the final value of the expression.
 
 
@@ -2416,9 +2719,9 @@ initialized with the argument values:
 
     	parlist ::= namelist [‘,’ ‘...’] | ‘...’
 
    
-When a function is called,
-the list of arguments is adjusted to
-the length of the list of parameters,
+When a Lua function is called,
+it adjusts its list of arguments to
+the length of its list of parameters,
 unless the function is a vararg function,
 which is indicated by three dots ('...')
 at the end of its parameter list.
@@ -2448,7 +2751,7 @@ Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and
 to the vararg expression:
 
 
    -     CALL            PARAMETERS
+     CALL             PARAMETERS
      
      f(3)             a=3, b=nil
      f(3, 4)          a=3, b=4
@@ -2473,13 +2776,13 @@ then the function returns with no results.
 
 There is a system-dependent limit on the number of values
 that a function may return.
-This limit is guaranteed to be larger than 1000.
+This limit is guaranteed to be greater than 1000.
 
 
 
    
 The colon syntax
-is used for defining methods,
-that is, functions that have an implicit extra parameter self.
+is used to emulate methods,
+adding an implicit extra parameter self to the function.
 Thus, the statement
 
 
    @@ -2531,8 +2834,8 @@ and so the second x refers to the outside variable.
 Because of the lexical scoping rules,
 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
 defined inside their scope.
-A local variable used by an inner function is called
-an upvalue, or external local variable,
+A local variable used by an inner function is called an upvalue
+(or external local variable, or simply external variable)
 inside the inner function.
 
 
@@ -2544,9 +2847,9 @@ Consider the following example:
 
          a = {}
      local x = 20
-     for i=1,10 do
+     for i = 1, 10 do
        local y = 0
-       a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end
+       a[i] = function () y = y + 1; return x + y end
      end
 
    
 The loop creates ten closures
@@ -2560,6 +2863,8 @@ while all of them share the same x.
 
 
    4 – The Application Program Interface
    
 
+
+
 
    
 
 This section describes the C API for Lua, that is,
@@ -2580,18 +2885,47 @@ and so do not generate any hidden side-effects.
 
 
    
 As in most C libraries,
-the Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency.
+the Lua API functions do not check their arguments
+for validity or consistency.
 However, you can change this behavior by compiling Lua
 with the macro LUA_USE_APICHECK defined.
 
 
+
    
+The Lua library is fully reentrant:
+it has no global variables.
+It keeps all information it needs in a dynamic structure,
+called the Lua state.
+
+
+
    
+Each Lua state has one or more threads,
+which correspond to independent, cooperative lines of execution.
+The type lua_State (despite its name) refers to a thread.
+(Indirectly, through the thread, it also refers to the
+Lua state associated to the thread.)
+
+
+
    
+A pointer to a thread must be passed as the first argument to
+every function in the library, except to lua_newstate,
+which creates a Lua state from scratch and returns a pointer
+to the main thread in the new state.
+
+
+
+
 
 
    4.1 – The Stack
    
 
+
+
 
    
 Lua uses a virtual stack to pass values to and from C.
 Each element in this stack represents a Lua value
 (nil, number, string, etc.).
+Functions in the API can access this stack through the
+Lua state parameter that they receive.
 
 
 
    
@@ -2599,7 +2933,8 @@ Whenever Lua calls C, the called function gets a new stack,
 which is independent of previous stacks and of stacks of
 C functions that are still active.
 This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function
-and it is where the C function pushes its results
+and it is where the C function can store temporary
+Lua values and must push its results
 to be returned to the caller (see lua_CFunction).
 
 
@@ -2608,8 +2943,8 @@ For convenience,
 most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline.
 Instead, they can refer to any element in the stack
 by using an index:
-A positive index represents an absolute stack position
-(starting at 1);
+A positive index represents an absolute stack position,
+starting at 1 as the bottom of the stack;
 a negative index represents an offset relative to the top of the stack.
 More specifically, if the stack has n elements,
 then index 1 represents the first element
@@ -2624,7 +2959,7 @@ and index -n represents the first element.
 
 
 
-
    4.2 – Stack Size
    
+
    4.1.1 – Stack Size
    
 
 
    
 When you interact with the Lua API,
@@ -2656,7 +2991,7 @@ you should use lua_checkstack.
 
 
 
-
    4.3 – Valid and Acceptable Indices
    
+
    4.1.2 – Valid and Acceptable Indices
    
 
 
    
 Any function in the API that receives stack indices
@@ -2672,8 +3007,8 @@ It comprises stack indices between 1 and the stack top
 plus pseudo-indices,
 which represent some positions that are accessible to C code
 but that are not in the stack.
-Pseudo-indices are used to access the registry (see §4.5)
-and the upvalues of a C function (see §4.4).
+Pseudo-indices are used to access the registry (see §4.3)
+and the upvalues of a C function (see §4.2).
 
 
 
    
@@ -2685,6 +3020,8 @@ but it also can be any positive index after the stack top
 within the space allocated for the stack,
 that is, indices up to the stack size.
 (Note that 0 is never an acceptable index.)
+Indices to upvalues (see §4.2) greater than the real number
+of upvalues in the current C function are also acceptable (but invalid).
 Except when noted otherwise,
 functions in the API work with acceptable indices.
 
@@ -2693,7 +3030,7 @@ functions in the API work with acceptable indices.
 Acceptable indices serve to avoid extra tests
 against the stack top when querying the stack.
 For instance, a C function can query its third argument
-without the need to first check whether there is a third argument,
+without the need to check whether there is a third argument,
 that is, without the need to check whether 3 is a valid index.
 
 
@@ -2707,7 +3044,9 @@ which behaves like a nil value.
 
 
 
-
    4.4 – C Closures
    
+
+
+
    4.2 – C Closures
    
 
 
    
 When a C function is created,
@@ -2733,16 +3072,21 @@ which is one plus the maximum number of upvalues in a closure),
 produces an acceptable but invalid index.
 
 
+
    
+A C closure can also change the values
+of its corresponding upvalues.
 
 
 
-
    4.5 – Registry
    
+
+
+
    4.3 – Registry
    
 
 
    
 Lua provides a registry,
 a predefined table that can be used by any C code to
 store whatever Lua values it needs to store.
-The registry table is always located at pseudo-index
+The registry table is always accessible at pseudo-index
 LUA_REGISTRYINDEX.
 Any C library can store data into this table,
 but it must take care to choose keys
@@ -2760,7 +3104,8 @@ uppercase letters are reserved for Lua.
 The integer keys in the registry are used
 by the reference mechanism (see luaL_ref)
 and by some predefined values.
-Therefore, integer keys must not be used for other purposes.
+Therefore, integer keys in the registry
+must not be used for other purposes.
 
 
 
    
@@ -2784,15 +3129,16 @@ the global environment.
 
 
 
-
    4.6 – Error Handling in C
    
+
    4.4 – Error Handling in C
    
+
+
 
 
    
 Internally, Lua uses the C longjmp facility to handle errors.
 (Lua will use exceptions if you compile it as C++;
 search for LUAI_THROW in the source code for details.)
-When Lua faces any error
-(such as a memory allocation error, type errors, syntax errors,
-and runtime errors)
+When Lua faces any error,
+such as a memory allocation error or a type error,
 it raises an error;
 that is, it does a long jump.
 A protected environment uses setjmp
@@ -2800,6 +3146,18 @@ to set a recovery point;
 any error jumps to the most recent active recovery point.
 
 
+
    
+Inside a C function you can raise an error explicitly
+by calling lua_error.
+
+
+
    
+Most functions in the API can raise an error,
+for instance due to a memory allocation error.
+The documentation for each function indicates whether
+it can raise errors.
+
+
 
    
 If an error happens outside any protected environment,
 Lua calls a panic function (see lua_atpanic)
@@ -2810,33 +3168,74 @@ never returning
 (e.g., doing a long jump to your own recovery point outside Lua).
 
 
+
    
+The panic function,
+as its name implies,
+is a mechanism of last resort.
+Programs should avoid it.
+As a general rule,
+when a C function is called by Lua with a Lua state,
+it can do whatever it wants on that Lua state,
+as it should be already protected.
+However,
+when C code operates on other Lua states
+(e.g., a Lua-state argument to the function,
+a Lua state stored in the registry, or
+the result of lua_newthread),
+it should use them only in API calls that cannot raise errors.
+
+
 
    
 The panic function runs as if it were a message handler (see §2.3);
-in particular, the error object is at the top of the stack.
+in particular, the error object is on the top of the stack.
 However, there is no guarantee about stack space.
 To push anything on the stack,
-the panic function must first check the available space (see §4.2).
+the panic function must first check the available space (see §4.1.1).
 
 
+
+
+
+
    4.4.1 – Status Codes
    
+
 
    
-Most functions in the API can raise an error,
-for instance due to a memory allocation error.
-The documentation for each function indicates whether
-it can raise errors.
+Several functions that report errors in the API use the following
+status codes to indicate different kinds of errors or other conditions:
 
+
      
 
-
      
-Inside a C function you can raise an error by calling lua_error.
+
    • LUA_OK (0):  no errors.
      • 
+
+
    • LUA_ERRRUN:  a runtime error.
      • 
+
+
    • LUA_ERRMEM: 
+memory allocation error.
+For such errors, Lua does not call the message handler.
+
      • 
+
+
    • LUA_ERRERR:  error while running the message handler.
      • 
+
+
    • LUA_ERRSYNTAX:  syntax error during precompilation.
      • 
+
+
    • LUA_YIELD:  the thread (coroutine) yields.
      • 
+
+
    • LUA_ERRFILE:  a file-related error;
+e.g., it cannot open or read the file.
      • 
+
+
    
+These constants are defined in the header file lua.h.
 
 
 
 
 
-
    4.7 – Handling Yields in C
    
+
+
+
    4.5 – Handling Yields in C
    
 
 
    
 Internally, Lua uses the C longjmp facility to yield a coroutine.
-Therefore, if a C function foo calls an API function
+Therefore, if a C function foo calls an API function
 and this API function yields
 (directly or indirectly by calling another function that yields),
 Lua cannot return to foo any more,
@@ -2854,14 +3253,14 @@ All those functions receive a continuation function
 
 
    
 We need to set some terminology to explain continuations.
-We have a C function called from Lua which we will call
+We have a C function called from Lua which we will call
 the original function.
 This original function then calls one of those three functions in the C API,
 which we will call the callee function,
 that then yields the current thread.
-(This can happen when the callee function is lua_yieldk,
+This can happen when the callee function is lua_yieldk,
 or when the callee function is either lua_callk or lua_pcallk
-and the function called by them yields.)
+and the function called by them yields.
 
 
 
    
@@ -2931,11 +3330,11 @@ you can do the equivalent work directly inside the original function.)
 
    
 Besides the Lua state,
 the continuation function has two other parameters:
-the final status of the call plus the context value (ctx) that
+the final status of the call and the context value (ctx) that
 was passed originally to lua_pcallk.
-(Lua does not use this context value;
+Lua does not use this context value;
 it only passes this value from the original function to the
-continuation function.)
+continuation function.
 For lua_pcallk,
 the status is the same value that would be returned by lua_pcallk,
 except that it is LUA_YIELD when being executed after a yield
@@ -2969,7 +3368,7 @@ of the original function.
 
 
 
-
    4.8 – Functions and Types
    
+
    4.6 – Functions and Types
    
 
 
    
 Here we list all functions and types from the C API in
@@ -2989,17 +3388,16 @@ A field in the form x|y means the function can push (or pop)
 depending on the situation;
 an interrogation mark '?' means that
 we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes
-by looking only at its arguments
-(e.g., they may depend on what is on the stack).
+by looking only at its arguments.
+(For instance, they may depend on what is on the stack.)
 The third field, x,
 tells whether the function may raise errors:
 '-' means the function never raises any error;
-'m' means the function may raise out-of-memory errors
-and errors running a __gc metamethod;
-'e' means the function may raise any errors
-(it can run arbitrary Lua code,
-either directly or through metamethods);
-'v' means the function may raise an error on purpose.
+'m' means the function may raise only out-of-memory errors;
+'v' means the function may raise the errors explained in the text;
+'e' means the function can run arbitrary Lua code,
+either directly or through metamethods,
+and therefore may raise any errors.
 
 
 
@@ -3059,16 +3457,14 @@ Lua assumes the following behavior from the allocator function:
 
    
 When nsize is zero,
 the allocator must behave like free
-and return NULL.
+and then return NULL.
 
 
 
    
 When nsize is not zero,
 the allocator must behave like realloc.
-The allocator returns NULL
+In particular, the allocator returns NULL
 if and only if it cannot fulfill the request.
-Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when
-osize >= nsize.
 
 
 
    
@@ -3090,9 +3486,6 @@ It is used in the auxiliary library by luaL_newst
 Note that Standard C ensures
 that free(NULL) has no effect and that
 realloc(NULL,size) is equivalent to malloc(size).
-This code assumes that realloc does not fail when shrinking a block.
-(Although Standard C does not ensure this behavior,
-it seems to be a safe assumption.)
 
 
 
@@ -3106,7 +3499,7 @@ it seems to be a safe assumption.)
 Performs an arithmetic or bitwise operation over the two values
 (or one, in the case of negations)
 at the top of the stack,
-with the value at the top being the second operand,
+with the value on the top being the second operand,
 pops these values, and pushes the result of the operation.
 The function follows the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator
 (that is, it may call metamethods).
@@ -3142,7 +3535,7 @@ The value of op must be one of the following constants:
 
    lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);
    
 
 
    
-Sets a new panic function and returns the old one (see §4.6).
+Sets a new panic function and returns the old one (see §4.4).
 
 
 
@@ -3154,22 +3547,26 @@ Sets a new panic function and returns the old one (see §4.6<
 
 
    
 Calls a function.
+Like regular Lua calls,
+lua_call respects the __call metamethod.
+So, here the word "function"
+means any callable value.
 
 
 
    
-To call a function you must use the following protocol:
+To do a call you must use the following protocol:
 first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack;
-then, the arguments to the function are pushed
+then, the arguments to the call are pushed
 in direct order;
 that is, the first argument is pushed first.
 Finally you call lua_call;
 nargs is the number of arguments that you pushed onto the stack.
-All arguments and the function value are popped from the stack
-when the function is called.
-The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns.
+When the function returns,
+all arguments and the function value are popped
+and the call results are pushed onto the stack.
 The number of results is adjusted to nresults,
 unless nresults is LUA_MULTRET.
-In this case, all results from the function are pushed.
+In this case, all results from the function are pushed;
 Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space,
 but it does not ensure any extra space in the stack.
 The function results are pushed onto the stack in direct order
@@ -3178,7 +3575,7 @@ so that after the call the last result is on the top of the stack.
 
 
 
    
-Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards
+Any error while calling and running the function is propagated upwards
 (with a longjmp).
 
 
@@ -3219,7 +3616,7 @@ This is considered good programming practice.
 
 
    
 This function behaves exactly like lua_call,
-but allows the called function to yield (see §4.7).
+but allows the called function to yield (see §4.5).
 
 
 
@@ -3244,7 +3641,7 @@ The first argument (if any) is at index 1
 and its last argument is at index lua_gettop(L).
 To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack,
 in direct order (the first result is pushed first),
-and returns the number of results.
+and returns in C the number of results.
 Any other value in the stack below the results will be properly
 discarded by Lua.
 Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return
@@ -3281,11 +3678,11 @@ of numeric arguments and returns their average and their sum:
 
    int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int n);
    
 
 
    
-Ensures that the stack has space for at least n extra slots
-(that is, that you can safely push up to n values into it).
+Ensures that the stack has space for at least n extra slots,
+that is, that you can safely push up to n values into it.
 It returns false if it cannot fulfill the request,
 either because it would cause the stack
-to be larger than a fixed maximum size
+to be greater than a fixed maximum size
 (typically at least several thousand elements) or
 because it cannot allocate memory for the extra space.
 This function never shrinks the stack;
@@ -3301,9 +3698,13 @@ it is left unchanged.
 
    void lua_close (lua_State *L);
    
 
 
    
-Destroys all objects in the given Lua state
-(calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any)
+Close all active to-be-closed variables in the main thread,
+release all objects in the given Lua state
+(calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any),
 and frees all dynamic memory used by this state.
+
+
+
    
 On several platforms, you may not need to call this function,
 because all resources are naturally released when the host program ends.
 On the other hand, long-running programs that create multiple states,
@@ -3348,7 +3749,7 @@ The value of op must be one of the following constants:
 
 
    
 Concatenates the n values at the top of the stack,
-pops them, and leaves the result at the top.
+pops them, and leaves the result on the top.
 If n is 1, the result is the single value on the stack
 (that is, the function does nothing);
 if n is 0, the result is the empty string.
@@ -3384,7 +3785,7 @@ will have as a sequence;
 parameter nrec is a hint for how many other elements
 the table will have.
 Lua may use these hints to preallocate memory for the new table.
-This preallocation is useful for performance when you know in advance
+This preallocation may help performance when you know in advance
 how many elements the table will have.
 Otherwise you can use the function lua_newtable.
 
@@ -3436,8 +3837,8 @@ This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack.
 
    int lua_error (lua_State *L);
    
 
 
    
-Generates a Lua error,
-using the value at the top of the stack as the error object.
+Raises a Lua error,
+using the value on the top of the stack as the error object.
 This function does a long jump,
 and therefore never returns
 (see luaL_error).
@@ -3447,8 +3848,8 @@ and therefore never returns
 
 
 
    lua_gc
    
-[-0, +0, m]
-
    int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, int data);
    
+[-0, +0, –]
+
    int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, ...);
    
 
 
    
 Controls the garbage collector.
@@ -3456,55 +3857,56 @@ Controls the garbage collector.
 
 
    
 This function performs several tasks,
-according to the value of the parameter what:
+according to the value of the parameter what.
+For options that need extra arguments,
+they are listed after the option.
 
 
      
 
+
    • LUA_GCCOLLECT: 
+Performs a full garbage-collection cycle.
+
      • 
+
 
    • LUA_GCSTOP: 
-stops the garbage collector.
+Stops the garbage collector.
 
      • 
 
 
    • LUA_GCRESTART: 
-restarts the garbage collector.
-
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_GCCOLLECT: 
-performs a full garbage-collection cycle.
+Restarts the garbage collector.
 
      • 
 
 
    • LUA_GCCOUNT: 
-returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua.
+Returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua.
 
      • 
 
 
    • LUA_GCCOUNTB: 
-returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of
+Returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of
 memory in use by Lua by 1024.
 
      • 
 
-
    • LUA_GCSTEP: 
-performs an incremental step of garbage collection.
-
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_GCSETPAUSE: 
-sets data as the new value
-for the pause of the collector (see §2.5)
-and returns the previous value of the pause.
-
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: 
-sets data as the new value for the step multiplier of
-the collector (see §2.5)
-and returns the previous value of the step multiplier.
+
    • LUA_GCSTEP (int stepsize): 
+Performs an incremental step of garbage collection,
+corresponding to the allocation of stepsize Kbytes.
 
      • 
 
 
    • LUA_GCISRUNNING: 
-returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running
+Returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running
 (i.e., not stopped).
 
      • 
 
-
    
+
  • LUA_GCINC (int pause, int stepmul, stepsize): 
+Changes the collector to incremental mode
+with the given parameters (see §2.5.1).
+Returns the previous mode (LUA_GCGEN or LUA_GCINC).
+
    • 
 
-
    
+
  • LUA_GCGEN (int minormul, int majormul): 
+Changes the collector to generational mode
+with the given parameters (see §2.5.2).
+Returns the previous mode (LUA_GCGEN or LUA_GCINC).
+
    • 
+
+
    
 For more details about these options,
 see collectgarbage.
 
@@ -3619,7 +4021,7 @@ the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on the stack.
 
    
 Pushes onto the stack the value t[k],
 where t is the value at the given index
-and k is the value at the top of the stack.
+and k is the value on the top of the stack.
 
 
 
    
@@ -3650,17 +4052,19 @@ in particular, 0 means an empty stack.
 
 
 
-
    lua_getuservalue
    
+
    lua_getiuservalue
    
 [-0, +1, –]
-
    int lua_getuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);
    
+
    int lua_getiuservalue (lua_State *L, int index, int n);
    
 
 
    
-Pushes onto the stack the Lua value associated with the userdata
-at the given index.
+Pushes onto the stack the n-th user value associated with the
+full userdata at the given index and
+returns the type of the pushed value.
 
 
 
    
-Returns the type of the pushed value.
+If the userdata does not have that value,
+pushes nil and returns LUA_TNONE.
 
 
 
@@ -3895,7 +4299,7 @@ Otherwise, it is defined as ptrdiff_t.
 
    typedef int (*lua_KFunction) (lua_State *L, int status, lua_KContext ctx);
    
 
 
    
-Type for continuation functions (see §4.7).
+Type for continuation functions (see §4.5).
 
 
 
@@ -3931,27 +4335,6 @@ function on top of the stack.
 Otherwise, it pushes an error message.
 
 
-
    
-The return values of lua_load are:
-
-
      
-
-
    • LUA_OK:  no errors;
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_ERRSYNTAX: 
-syntax error during precompilation;
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_ERRMEM: 
-memory allocation (out-of-memory) error;
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_ERRGCMM: 
-error while running a __gc metamethod.
-(This error has no relation with the chunk being loaded.
-It is generated by the garbage collector.)
-
      • 
-
-
    
-
 
    
 The lua_load function uses a user-supplied reader function
 to read the chunk (see lua_Reader).
@@ -3960,7 +4343,7 @@ The data argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function.
 
 
    
 The chunkname argument gives a name to the chunk,
-which is used for error messages and in debug information (see §4.9).
+which is used for error messages and in debug information (see §4.7).
 
 
 
    
@@ -3977,10 +4360,17 @@ so the reader function must always leave the stack
 unmodified when returning.
 
 
+
    
+lua_load can return
+LUA_OK, LUA_ERRSYNTAX, or LUA_ERRMEM.
+The function may also return other values corresponding to
+errors raised by the read function (see §4.4.1).
+
+
 
    
 If the resulting function has upvalues,
 its first upvalue is set to the value of the global environment
-stored at index LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS in the registry (see §4.5).
+stored at index LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS in the registry (see §4.3).
 When loading main chunks,
 this upvalue will be the _ENV variable (see §2.2).
 Other upvalues are initialized with nil.
@@ -3994,11 +4384,12 @@ Other upvalues are initialized with nil.
 
    lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);
    
 
 
    
-Creates a new thread running in a new, independent state.
-Returns NULL if it cannot create the thread or the state
+Creates a new independent state and returns its main thread.
+Returns NULL if it cannot create the state
 (due to lack of memory).
 The argument f is the allocator function;
-Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function.
+Lua will do all memory allocation for this state
+through this function (see lua_Alloc).
 The second argument, ud, is an opaque pointer that Lua
 passes to the allocator in every call.
 
@@ -4031,7 +4422,6 @@ but has an independent execution stack.
 
 
 
    
-There is no explicit function to close or to destroy a thread.
 Threads are subject to garbage collection,
 like any Lua object.
 
@@ -4039,34 +4429,39 @@ like any Lua object.
 
 
 
-
    lua_newuserdata
    
+
    lua_newuserdatauv
    
 [-0, +1, m]
-
    void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size);
    
+
    void *lua_newuserdatauv (lua_State *L, size_t size, int nuvalue);
    
 
 
    
-This function allocates a new block of memory with the given size,
-pushes onto the stack a new full userdata with the block address,
-and returns this address.
-The host program can freely use this memory.
+This function creates and pushes on the stack a new full userdata,
+with nuvalue associated Lua values, called user values,
+plus an associated block of raw memory with size bytes.
+(The user values can be set and read with the functions
+lua_setiuservalue and lua_getiuservalue.)
+
+
+
    
+The function returns the address of the block of memory.
 
 
 
 
 
 
    lua_next
    
-[-1, +(2|0), e]
+[-1, +(2|0), v]
 
    int lua_next (lua_State *L, int index);
    
 
 
    
 Pops a key from the stack,
-and pushes a key–value pair from the table at the given index
-(the "next" pair after the given key).
+and pushes a key–value pair from the table at the given index,
+the "next" pair after the given key.
 If there are no more elements in the table,
-then lua_next returns 0 (and pushes nothing).
+then lua_next returns 0 and pushes nothing.
 
 
 
    
-A typical traversal looks like this:
+A typical table traversal looks like this:
 
 
          /* table is in the stack at index 't' */
@@ -4083,7 +4478,7 @@ A typical traversal looks like this:
 
 
    
 While traversing a table,
-do not call lua_tolstring directly on a key,
+avoid calling lua_tolstring directly on a key,
 unless you know that the key is actually a string.
 Recall that lua_tolstring may change
 the value at the given index;
@@ -4091,6 +4486,8 @@ this confuses the next call to lua_next.
 
 
 
    
+This function may raise an error if the given key
+is neither nil nor present in the table.
 See function next for the caveats of modifying
 the table during its traversal.
 
@@ -4118,15 +4515,14 @@ but that can be changed to a single float or a long double.
 
    int lua_numbertointeger (lua_Number n, lua_Integer *p);
    
 
 
    
-Converts a Lua float to a Lua integer.
-This macro assumes that n has an integral value.
+Tries to convert a Lua float to a Lua integer;
+the float n must have an integral value.
 If that value is within the range of Lua integers,
 it is converted to an integer and assigned to *p.
 The macro results in a boolean indicating whether the
 conversion was successful.
 (Note that this range test can be tricky to do
-correctly without this macro,
-due to roundings.)
+correctly without this macro, due to rounding.)
 
 
 
    
@@ -4141,7 +4537,7 @@ This macro may evaluate its arguments more than once.
 
    int lua_pcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int msgh);
    
 
 
    
-Calls a function in protected mode.
+Calls a function (or a callable object) in protected mode.
 
 
 
    
@@ -4166,7 +4562,7 @@ Otherwise, msgh is the stack index of a
 message handler.
 (This index cannot be a pseudo-index.)
 In case of runtime errors,
-this function will be called with the error object
+this handler will be called with the error object
 and its return value will be the object
 returned on the stack by lua_pcall.
 
@@ -4179,33 +4575,9 @@ since by then the stack has unwound.
 
 
 
    
-The lua_pcall function returns one of the following constants
-(defined in lua.h):
+The lua_pcall function returns one of the following status codes:
+LUA_OK, LUA_ERRRUN, LUA_ERRMEM, or LUA_ERRERR.
 
-
      
-
-
    • LUA_OK (0): 
-success.
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_ERRRUN: 
-a runtime error.
-
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_ERRMEM: 
-memory allocation error.
-For such errors, Lua does not call the message handler.
-
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_ERRERR: 
-error while running the message handler.
-
      • 
-
-
    • LUA_ERRGCMM: 
-error while running a __gc metamethod.
-(This error typically has no relation with the function being called.)
-
      • 
-
-
    
 
 
 
@@ -4221,7 +4593,7 @@ error while running a __gc metamethod.
 
 
    
 This function behaves exactly like lua_pcall,
-but allows the called function to yield (see §4.7).
+except that it allows the called function to yield (see §4.5).
 
 
 
@@ -4255,16 +4627,28 @@ Pushes a boolean value with value b onto the stack.
 
 
    
 Pushes a new C closure onto the stack.
+This function receives a pointer to a C function
+and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type function that,
+when called, invokes the corresponding C function.
+The parameter n tells how many upvalues this function will have
+(see §4.2).
+
+
+
    
+Any function to be callable by Lua must
+follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters
+and return its results (see lua_CFunction).
 
 
 
    
 When a C function is created,
 it is possible to associate some values with it,
-thus creating a C closure (see §4.4);
-these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is called.
-To associate values with a C function,
-first these values must be pushed onto the stack
-(when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first).
+the so called upvalues;
+these upvalues are then accessible to the function whenever it is called.
+This association is called a C closure (see §4.2).
+To create a C closure,
+first the initial values for its upvalues must be pushed onto the stack.
+(When there are multiple upvalues, the first value is pushed first.)
 Then lua_pushcclosure
 is called to create and push the C function onto the stack,
 with the argument n telling how many values will be
@@ -4278,7 +4662,7 @@ The maximum value for n is 255.
 
 
    
 When n is zero,
-this function creates a light C function,
+this function creates a light C function,
 which is just a pointer to the C function.
 In that case, it never raises a memory error.
 
@@ -4292,58 +4676,42 @@ In that case, it never raises a memory error.
 
 
    
 Pushes a C function onto the stack.
-This function receives a pointer to a C function
-and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type function that,
-when called, invokes the corresponding C function.
-
-
-
    
-Any function to be callable by Lua must
-follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters
-and return its results (see lua_CFunction).
+This function is equivalent to lua_pushcclosure with no upvalues.
 
 
 
 
 
 
    lua_pushfstring
    
-[-0, +1, e]
+[-0, +1, v]
 
    const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
    
 
 
    
 Pushes onto the stack a formatted string
 and returns a pointer to this string.
 It is similar to the ISO C function sprintf,
-but has some important differences:
-
-
      
-
-
    • 
-You do not have to allocate space for the result:
+but has two important differences.
+First,
+you do not have to allocate space for the result;
 the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation
 (and deallocation, through garbage collection).
-
      • 
-
-
    • 
-The conversion specifiers are quite restricted.
+Second,
+the conversion specifiers are quite restricted.
 There are no flags, widths, or precisions.
 The conversion specifiers can only be
 '%%' (inserts the character '%'),
 '%s' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions),
 '%f' (inserts a lua_Number),
 '%I' (inserts a lua_Integer),
-'%p' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral),
+'%p' (inserts a pointer),
 '%d' (inserts an int),
 '%c' (inserts an int as a one-byte character), and
 '%U' (inserts a long int as a UTF-8 byte sequence).
-
      • 
 
-
    
 
 
    
-Unlike other push functions,
-this function checks for the stack space it needs,
-including the slot for its result.
+This function may raise errors due to memory overflow
+or an invalid conversion specifier.
 
 
 
@@ -4399,6 +4767,7 @@ light userdata with the same C address.
 
    
 This macro is equivalent to lua_pushstring,
 but should be used only when s is a literal string.
+(Lua may optimize this case.)
 
 
 
@@ -4411,7 +4780,7 @@ but should be used only when s is a literal string.
 
    
 Pushes the string pointed to by s with size len
 onto the stack.
-Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string,
+Lua will make or reuse an internal copy of the given string,
 so the memory at s can be freed or reused immediately after
 the function returns.
 The string can contain any binary data,
@@ -4454,7 +4823,7 @@ Pushes a float with value n onto the stack.
 
    
 Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by s
 onto the stack.
-Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string,
+Lua will make or reuse an internal copy of the given string,
 so the memory at s can be freed or reused immediately after
 the function returns.
 
@@ -4495,7 +4864,7 @@ onto the stack.
 
 
 
    lua_pushvfstring
    
-[-0, +1, m]
+[-0, +1, v]
 
    const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L,
                               const char *fmt,
                               va_list argp);
    
@@ -4515,7 +4884,7 @@ instead of a variable number of arguments.
 
    
 Returns 1 if the two values in indices index1 and
 index2 are primitively equal
-(that is, without calling the __eq metamethod).
+(that is, equal without calling the __eq metamethod).
 Otherwise returns 0.
 Also returns 0 if any of the indices are not valid.
 
@@ -4543,7 +4912,7 @@ Similar to lua_gettable, but does a raw
 Pushes onto the stack the value t[n],
 where t is the table at the given index.
 The access is raw,
-that is, it does not invoke the __index metamethod.
+that is, it does not use the __index metavalue.
 
 
 
    
@@ -4562,7 +4931,7 @@ Pushes onto the stack the value t[k],
 where t is the table at the given index and
 k is the pointer p represented as a light userdata.
 The access is raw;
-that is, it does not invoke the __index metamethod.
+that is, it does not use the __index metavalue.
 
 
 
    
@@ -4574,7 +4943,7 @@ Returns the type of the pushed value.
 
 
    lua_rawlen
    
 [-0, +0, –]
-
    size_t lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int index);
    
+
    lua_Unsigned lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int index);
    
 
 
    
 Returns the raw "length" of the value at the given index:
@@ -4582,8 +4951,8 @@ for strings, this is the string length;
 for tables, this is the result of the length operator ('#')
 with no metamethods;
 for userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated
-for the userdata;
-for other values, it is 0.
+for the userdata.
+For other values, this call returns 0.
 
 
 
@@ -4608,13 +4977,13 @@ Similar to lua_settable, but does a raw
 
    
 Does the equivalent of t[i] = v,
 where t is the table at the given index
-and v is the value at the top of the stack.
+and v is the value on the top of the stack.
 
 
 
    
 This function pops the value from the stack.
 The assignment is raw,
-that is, it does not invoke the __newindex metamethod.
+that is, it does not use the __newindex metavalue.
 
 
 
@@ -4628,13 +4997,13 @@ that is, it does not invoke the __newindex metamethod.
 Does the equivalent of t[p] = v,
 where t is the table at the given index,
 p is encoded as a light userdata,
-and v is the value at the top of the stack.
+and v is the value on the top of the stack.
 
 
 
    
 This function pops the value from the stack.
 The assignment is raw,
-that is, it does not invoke __newindex metamethod.
+that is, it does not use the __newindex metavalue.
 
 
 
@@ -4647,8 +5016,8 @@ that is, it does not invoke __newindex metamethod.
 
 
    
 The reader function used by lua_load.
-Every time it needs another piece of the chunk,
-lua_load calls the reader,
+Every time lua_load needs another piece of the chunk,
+it calls the reader,
 passing along its data parameter.
 The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory
 with a new piece of the chunk
@@ -4667,7 +5036,7 @@ The reader function may return pieces of any size greater than zero.
 
    void lua_register (lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction f);
    
 
 
    
-Sets the C function f as the new value of global name.
+Sets the C function f as the new value of global name.
 It is defined as a macro:
 
 
    @@ -4706,9 +5075,27 @@ and then pops the top element.
 
 
 
+
    lua_resetthread
    
+[-0, +?, –]
+
    int lua_resetthread (lua_State *L);
    
+
+
    
+Resets a thread, cleaning its call stack and closing all pending
+to-be-closed variables.
+Returns a status code:
+LUA_OK for no errors in closing methods,
+or an error status otherwise.
+In case of error,
+leaves the error object on the top of the stack,
+
+
+
+
+
 
    lua_resume
    
 [-?, +?, –]
-
    int lua_resume (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int nargs);
    
+
    int lua_resume (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int nargs,
+                          int *nresults);
    
 
 
    
 Starts and resumes a coroutine in the given thread L.
@@ -4716,31 +5103,29 @@ Starts and resumes a coroutine in the given thread L.
 
 
    
 To start a coroutine,
-you push onto the thread stack the main function plus any arguments;
+you push the main function plus any arguments
+onto the empty stack of the thread.
 then you call lua_resume,
 with nargs being the number of arguments.
 This call returns when the coroutine suspends or finishes its execution.
-When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to lua_yield,
-or all values returned by the body function.
+When it returns,
+*nresults is updated and
+the top of the stack contains
+the *nresults values passed to lua_yield
+or returned by the body function.
 lua_resume returns
 LUA_YIELD if the coroutine yields,
 LUA_OK if the coroutine finishes its execution
 without errors,
-or an error code in case of errors (see lua_pcall).
-
-
-
    
+or an error code in case of errors (see §4.4.1).
 In case of errors,
-the stack is not unwound,
-so you can use the debug API over it.
-The error object is on the top of the stack.
+the error object is on the top of the stack.
 
 
 
    
 To resume a coroutine,
-you remove any results from the last lua_yield,
-put on its stack only the values to
-be passed as results from yield,
+you remove the *nresults yielded values from its stack,
+push the values to be passed as results from yield,
 and then call lua_resume.
 
 
@@ -4792,7 +5177,7 @@ with user data ud.
 
    
 Does the equivalent to t[k] = v,
 where t is the value at the given index
-and v is the value at the top of the stack.
+and v is the value on the top of the stack.
 
 
 
    
@@ -4823,7 +5208,7 @@ sets it as the new value of global name.
 
    
 Does the equivalent to t[n] = v,
 where t is the value at the given index
-and v is the value at the top of the stack.
+and v is the value on the top of the stack.
 
 
 
    
@@ -4835,13 +5220,33 @@ for the "newindex" event (see §2.4).
 
 
 
-
    lua_setmetatable
    
+
    lua_setiuservalue
    
 [-1, +0, –]
-
    void lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);
    
+
    int lua_setiuservalue (lua_State *L, int index, int n);
    
 
 
    
-Pops a table from the stack and
-sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given index.
+Pops a value from the stack and sets it as
+the new n-th user value associated to the
+full userdata at the given index.
+Returns 0 if the userdata does not have that value.
+
+
+
+
+
+
    lua_setmetatable
    
+[-1, +0, –]
+
    int lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);
    
+
+
    
+Pops a table or nil from the stack and
+sets that value as the new metatable for the value at the given index.
+(nil means no metatable.)
+
+
+
    
+(For historical reasons, this function returns an int,
+which now is always 1.)
 
 
 
@@ -4854,7 +5259,7 @@ sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given index.
 
    
 Does the equivalent to t[k] = v,
 where t is the value at the given index,
-v is the value at the top of the stack,
+v is the value on the top of the stack,
 and k is the value just below the top.
 
 
@@ -4874,7 +5279,7 @@ for the "newindex" event (see §2.4).
 
    
 Accepts any index, or 0,
 and sets the stack top to this index.
-If the new top is larger than the old one,
+If the new top is greater than the old one,
 then the new elements are filled with nil.
 If index is 0, then all stack elements are removed.
 
@@ -4882,13 +5287,15 @@ If index is 0, then all stack elements are removed.
 
 
 
-
    lua_setuservalue
    
-[-1, +0, –]
-
    void lua_setuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);
    
+
    lua_setwarnf
    
+[-0, +0, –]
+
    void lua_setwarnf (lua_State *L, lua_WarnFunction f, void *ud);
    
 
 
    
-Pops a value from the stack and sets it as
-the new value associated to the userdata at the given index.
+Sets the warning function to be used by Lua to emit warnings
+(see lua_WarnFunction).
+The ud parameter sets the value ud passed to
+the warning function.
 
 
 
@@ -4923,14 +5330,14 @@ Returns the status of the thread L.
 
 
 
    
-The status can be 0 (LUA_OK) for a normal thread,
+The status can be LUA_OK for a normal thread,
 an error code if the thread finished the execution
 of a lua_resume with an error,
-or LUA_YIELD if the thread is suspended.
+or LUA_YIELD if the thread is suspended.
 
 
 
    
-You can only call functions in threads with status LUA_OK.
+You can call functions only in threads with status LUA_OK.
 You can resume threads with status LUA_OK
 (to start a new coroutine) or LUA_YIELD
 (to resume a coroutine).
@@ -4950,7 +5357,7 @@ and returns the total size of the string,
 that is, its length plus one.
 The conversion can result in an integer or a float,
 according to the lexical conventions of Lua (see §3.1).
-The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.
+The string may have leading and trailing whitespaces and a sign.
 If the string is not a valid numeral,
 returns 0 and pushes nothing.
 (Note that the result can be used as a boolean,
@@ -4991,6 +5398,39 @@ otherwise, returns NULL.
 
 
 
+
    lua_toclose
    
+[-0, +0, v]
+
    void lua_toclose (lua_State *L, int index);
    
+
+
    
+Marks the given index in the stack as a
+to-be-closed "variable" (see §3.3.8).
+Like a to-be-closed variable in Lua,
+the value at that index in the stack will be closed
+when it goes out of scope.
+Here, in the context of a C function,
+to go out of scope means that the running function returns to Lua,
+there is an error,
+or the index is removed from the stack through
+lua_settop or lua_pop.
+An index marked as to-be-closed should not be removed from the stack
+by any other function in the API except lua_settop or lua_pop.
+
+
+
    
+This function should not be called for an index
+that is equal to or below an active to-be-closed index.
+
+
+
    
+This function can raise an out-of-memory error.
+In that case, the value in the given index is immediately closed,
+as if it was already marked.
+
+
+
+
+
 
    lua_tointeger
    
 [-0, +0, –]
 
    lua_Integer lua_tointeger (lua_State *L, int index);
    
@@ -5096,7 +5536,7 @@ indicates whether the operation succeeded.
 
    
 Converts the value at the given index to a generic
 C pointer (void*).
-The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function;
+The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, a string, or a function;
 otherwise, lua_topointer returns NULL.
 Different objects will give different pointers.
 There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
@@ -5140,9 +5580,9 @@ otherwise, the function returns NULL.
 
 
    
 If the value at the given index is a full userdata,
-returns its block address.
+returns its memory-block address.
 If the value is a light userdata,
-returns its pointer.
+returns its value (a pointer).
 Otherwise, returns NULL.
 
 
@@ -5155,10 +5595,10 @@ Otherwise, returns NULL.
 
 
    
 Returns the type of the value in the given valid index,
-or LUA_TNONE for a non-valid (but acceptable) index.
+or LUA_TNONE for a non-valid but acceptable index.
 The types returned by lua_type are coded by the following constants
 defined in lua.h:
-LUA_TNIL (0),
+LUA_TNIL,
 LUA_TNUMBER,
 LUA_TBOOLEAN,
 LUA_TSTRING,
@@ -5201,7 +5641,8 @@ The unsigned version of lua_Integer.
 
 
    
 Returns the pseudo-index that represents the i-th upvalue of
-the running function (see §4.4).
+the running function (see §4.2).
+i must be in the range [1,256].
 
 
 
@@ -5209,16 +5650,47 @@ the running function (see §4.4).
 
 
    lua_version
    
 [-0, +0, –]
-
    const lua_Number *lua_version (lua_State *L);
    
+
    lua_Number lua_version (lua_State *L);
    
 
 
    
-Returns the address of the version number
-(a C static variable)
-stored in the Lua core.
-When called with a valid lua_State,
-returns the address of the version used to create that state.
-When called with NULL,
-returns the address of the version running the call.
+Returns the version number of this core.
+
+
+
+
+
+
    lua_WarnFunction
    
+
    typedef void (*lua_WarnFunction) (void *ud, const char *msg, int tocont);
    
+
+
    
+The type of warning functions, called by Lua to emit warnings.
+The first parameter is an opaque pointer
+set by lua_setwarnf.
+The second parameter is the warning message.
+The third parameter is a boolean that
+indicates whether the message is
+to be continued by the message in the next call.
+
+
+
    
+See warn for more details about warnings.
+
+
+
+
+
+
    lua_warning
    
+[-0, +0, –]
+
    void lua_warning (lua_State *L, const char *msg, int tocont);
    
+
+
    
+Emits a warning with the given message.
+A message in a call with tocont true should be
+continued in another call to this function.
+
+
+
    
+See warn for more details about warnings.
 
 
 
@@ -5232,11 +5704,11 @@ returns the address of the version running the call.
 
 
    
 The type of the writer function used by lua_dump.
-Every time it produces another piece of chunk,
-lua_dump calls the writer,
+Every time lua_dump produces another piece of chunk,
+it calls the writer,
 passing along the buffer to be written (p),
 its size (sz),
-and the data parameter supplied to lua_dump.
+and the ud parameter supplied to lua_dump.
 
 
 
    
@@ -5266,22 +5738,24 @@ and pushes them onto the stack to.
 
 
 
    lua_yield
    
-[-?, +?, e]
+[-?, +?, v]
 
    int lua_yield (lua_State *L, int nresults);
    
 
 
    
 This function is equivalent to lua_yieldk,
-but it has no continuation (see §4.7).
+but it has no continuation (see §4.5).
 Therefore, when the thread resumes,
 it continues the function that called
 the function calling lua_yield.
+To avoid surprises,
+this function should be called only in a tail call.
 
 
 
 
 
 
    lua_yieldk
    
-[-?, +?, e]
+[-?, +?, v]
 
    int lua_yieldk (lua_State *L,
                 int nresults,
                 lua_KContext ctx,
@@ -5302,7 +5776,7 @@ that will be passed as results to lua_resume<
 
    
 When the coroutine is resumed again,
 Lua calls the given continuation function k to continue
-the execution of the C function that yielded (see §4.7).
+the execution of the C function that yielded (see §4.5).
 This continuation function receives the same stack
 from the previous function,
 with the n results removed and
@@ -5318,7 +5792,7 @@ when the coroutine eventually resumes,
 it continues executing the continuation function.
 However, there is one special case,
 which is when this function is called
-from inside a line or a count hook (see §4.9).
+from inside a line or a count hook (see §4.7).
 In that case, lua_yieldk should be called with no continuation
 (probably in the form of lua_yield) and no results,
 and the hook should return immediately after the call.
@@ -5330,9 +5804,10 @@ of the (Lua) function that triggered the hook.
 
 
    
 This function can raise an error if it is called from a thread
-with a pending C call with no continuation function,
+with a pending C call with no continuation function
+(what is called a C-call boundary),
 or it is called from a thread that is not running inside a resume
-(e.g., the main thread).
+(typically the main thread).
 
 
 
@@ -5340,7 +5815,7 @@ or it is called from a thread that is not running inside a resume
 
 
 
-
    4.9 – The Debug Interface
    
+
    4.7 – The Debug Interface
    
 
 
    
 Lua has no built-in debugging facilities.
@@ -5359,6 +5834,7 @@ that need "inside information" from the interpreter.
   const char *namewhat;       /* (n) */
   const char *what;           /* (S) */
   const char *source;         /* (S) */
+  size_t srclen;              /* (S) */
   int currentline;            /* (l) */
   int linedefined;            /* (S) */
   int lastlinedefined;        /* (S) */
@@ -5366,6 +5842,8 @@ that need "inside information" from the interpreter.
   unsigned char nparams;      /* (u) number of parameters */
   char isvararg;              /* (u) */
   char istailcall;            /* (t) */
+  unsigned short ftransfer;   /* (r) index of first value transferred */
+  unsigned short ntransfer;   /* (r) number of transferred values */
   char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */
   /* private part */
   other fields
@@ -5377,7 +5855,7 @@ information about a function or an activation record.
 lua_getstack fills only the private part
 of this structure, for later use.
 To fill the other fields of lua_Debug with useful information,
-call lua_getinfo.
+you must call lua_getinfo.
 
 
 
    
@@ -5386,17 +5864,21 @@ The fields of lua_Debug have the following
 
      
 
 
    • source: 
-the name of the chunk that created the function.
+the source of the chunk that created the function.
 If source starts with a '@',
 it means that the function was defined in a file where
 the file name follows the '@'.
 If source starts with a '=',
-the remainder of its contents describe the source in a user-dependent manner.
+the remainder of its contents describes the source in a user-dependent manner.
 Otherwise,
 the function was defined in a string where
 source is that string.
 
      • 
 
+
    • srclen: 
+The length of the string source.
+
      • 
+
 
    • short_src: 
 a "printable" version of source, to be used in error messages.
 
      • 
@@ -5452,7 +5934,7 @@ the number of upvalues of the function.
 
 
 
    • nparams: 
-the number of fixed parameters of the function
+the number of parameters of the function
 (always 0 for C functions).
 
      • 
 
@@ -5461,6 +5943,24 @@ true if the function is a vararg function
 (always true for C functions).
 
 
+
    • ftransfer: 
+the index on the stack of the first value being "transferred",
+that is, parameters in a call or return values in a return.
+(The other values are in consecutive indices.)
+Using this index, you can access and modify these values
+through lua_getlocal and lua_setlocal.
+This field is only meaningful during a
+call hook, denoting the first parameter,
+or a return hook, denoting the first value being returned.
+(For call hooks, this value is always 1.)
+
      • 
+
+
    • ntransfer: 
+The number of values being transferred (see previous item).
+(For calls of Lua functions,
+this value is always equal to nparams.)
+
      • 
+
 
    
 
 
@@ -5500,7 +6000,7 @@ Returns the current hook mask.
 
 
 
    lua_getinfo
    
-[-(0|1), +(0|1|2), e]
+[-(0|1), +(0|1|2), m]
 
    int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);
    
 
 
    
@@ -5515,7 +6015,7 @@ given as argument to a hook (see lua_Hook).
 
 
 
    
-To get information about a function you push it onto the stack
+To get information about a function, you push it onto the stack
 and start the what string with the character '>'.
 (In that case,
 lua_getinfo pops the function from the top of the stack.)
@@ -5570,13 +6070,17 @@ Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.)
 
    
 If this option is given together with option 'f',
 its table is pushed after the function.
+
+
+
    
+This is the only option that can raise a memory error.

    • -This function returns 0 on error -(for instance, an invalid option in what). +This function returns 0 to signal an invalid option in what; +even then the valid options are handled correctly. @@ -5587,8 +6091,8 @@ This function returns 0 on error 

    const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);

    -Gets information about a local variable of -a given activation record or a given function. +Gets information about a local variable or a temporary value +of a given activation record or a given function.

    @@ -5608,7 +6112,7 @@ and returns its name.

    In the second case, ar must be NULL and the function -to be inspected must be at the top of the stack. +to be inspected must be on the top of the stack. In this case, only parameters of Lua functions are visible (as there is no information about what variables are active) and no values are pushed onto the stack. @@ -5638,9 +6142,9 @@ of the function executing at a given level. Level 0 is the current running function, whereas level n+1 is the function that has called level n (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack). -When there are no errors, lua_getstack returns 1; -when called with a level greater than the stack depth, -it returns 0. +When called with a level greater than the stack depth, +lua_getstack returns 0; +otherwise it returns 1. @@ -5660,17 +6164,7 @@ when the index n is greater than the number of upvalues.

    -For C functions, this function uses the empty string "" -as a name for all upvalues. -(For Lua functions, -upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, -and that are consequently included in its closure.) - - -

    -Upvalues have no particular order, -as they are active through the whole function. -They are numbered in an arbitrary order. +See debug.getupvalue for more information about upvalues. @@ -5724,6 +6218,24 @@ calling lua_yield with nresults

    lua_setcstacklimit

    +[-0, +0, –] +

    int (lua_setcstacklimit) (lua_State *L, unsigned int limit);
    + +

    +Sets a new limit for the C stack. +This limit controls how deeply nested calls can go in Lua, +with the intent of avoiding a stack overflow. +Returns the old limit in case of success, +or zero in case of error. +For more details about this function, +see debug.setcstacklimit, +its equivalent in the standard library. + + + + +

    lua_sethook

    [-0, +0, –] 

    void lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook f, int mask, int count);
    @@ -5753,25 +6265,23 @@ before the function gets its arguments.
  • The return hook: is called when the interpreter returns from a function. The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function. -There is no standard way to access the values -to be returned by the function.
  • The line hook: is called when the interpreter is about to start the execution of a new line of code, or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line). -(This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) +This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.
  • The count hook: is called after the interpreter executes every count instructions. -(This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) +This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.

    • -A hook is disabled by setting mask to zero. +Hooks are disabled by setting mask to zero. @@ -5783,7 +6293,7 @@ A hook is disabled by setting mask to zero.

    Sets the value of a local variable of a given activation record. -It assigns the value at the top of the stack +It assigns the value on the top of the stack to the variable and returns its name. It also pops the value from the stack. @@ -5795,7 +6305,7 @@ the number of active local variables.

    -Parameters ar and n are as in function lua_getlocal. +Parameters ar and n are as in the function lua_getlocal. @@ -5807,7 +6317,7 @@ Parameters ar and n are as in function lua_getupvalue. +Parameters funcindex and n are as in +the function lua_getupvalue. @@ -5842,7 +6353,8 @@ will return identical ids for those upvalue indices.

    -Parameters funcindex and n are as in function lua_getupvalue, +Parameters funcindex and n are as in +the function lua_getupvalue, but n cannot be greater than the number of upvalues. @@ -5866,6 +6378,8 @@ refer to the n2-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index funcin

    5 – The Auxiliary Library

    + +

    The auxiliary library provides several convenient functions @@ -5912,6 +6426,8 @@ always raise an error if the check is not satisfied. + +

    5.1 – Functions and Types

    @@ -5932,6 +6448,20 @@ Adds the byte c to the buffer B +

    luaL_addgsub

    +[-0, +0, m] +

    const void luaL_addgsub (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s,
+                         const char *p, const char *r);
    + +

    +Adds a copy of the string s to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer), +replacing any occurrence of the string p +with the string r. + + + + +

    luaL_addlstring

    [-?, +?, m] 

    void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);
    @@ -5951,7 +6481,7 @@ The string can contain embedded zeros. 
    void luaL_addsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t n);

    -Adds to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer) +Adds to the buffer B a string of length n previously copied to the buffer area (see luaL_prepbuffer). @@ -5977,7 +6507,7 @@ to the buffer B 

    void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B);

    -Adds the value at the top of the stack +Adds the value on the top of the stack to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer). Pops the value. @@ -6013,7 +6543,7 @@ If it is not, raises an error with a standard message (see luaL_argexpected

    +[-0, +0, v] +

    void luaL_argexpected (lua_State *L,
+                       int cond,
+                       int arg,
+                       const char *tname);
    + +

    +Checks whether cond is true. +If it is not, raises an error about the type of the argument arg +with a standard message (see luaL_typeerror). + + + + +

    luaL_Buffer

    typedef struct luaL_Buffer luaL_Buffer;
    @@ -6056,7 +6602,7 @@ This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack.

    -If you know beforehand the total size of the resulting string, +If you know beforehand the maximum size of the resulting string, you can use the buffer like this:

      @@ -6066,12 +6612,13 @@ you can use the buffer like this:
    • Then initialize it and preallocate a space of size sz with a call luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, sz).
      • -
    • Then copy the string into that space.
      • +
    • Then produce the string into that space.
    • Finish by calling luaL_pushresultsize(&b, sz), where sz is the total size of the resulting string -copied into that space. +copied into that space (which may be less than or +equal to the preallocated size).
    @@ -6088,22 +6635,47 @@ when you call a buffer operation, the stack is at the same level it was immediately after the previous buffer operation. (The only exception to this rule is luaL_addvalue.) -After calling luaL_pushresult the stack is back to its -level when the buffer was initialized, +After calling luaL_pushresult, +the stack is back to its level when the buffer was initialized, plus the final string on its top. +

    luaL_buffaddr

    +[-0, +0, –] +

    char *luaL_buffaddr (luaL_Buffer *B);
    + +

    +Returns the address of the current content of buffer B +(see luaL_Buffer). +Note that any addition to the buffer may invalidate this address. + + + + +

    luaL_buffinit

    [-0, +0, –] 

    void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);

    -Initializes a buffer B. +Initializes a buffer B +(see luaL_Buffer). This function does not allocate any space; -the buffer must be declared as a variable +the buffer must be declared as a variable. + + + + + +

    luaL_bufflen

    +[-0, +0, –] +

    size_t luaL_bufflen (luaL_Buffer *B);
    + +

    +Returns the length of the current content of buffer B (see luaL_Buffer). @@ -6122,6 +6694,19 @@ Equivalent to the sequence +

    luaL_buffsub

    +[-0, +0, –] +

    void luaL_buffsub (luaL_Buffer *B, int n);
    + +

    +Removes n bytes from the the buffer B +(see luaL_Buffer). +The buffer must have at least that many bytes. + + + + +

    luaL_callmeta

    [-0, +(0|1), e] 

    int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);
    @@ -6137,7 +6722,7 @@ this function calls this field passing the object as its only argument. In this case this function returns true and pushes onto the stack the value returned by the call. If there is no metatable or no metamethod, -this function returns false (without pushing any value on the stack). +this function returns false without pushing any value on the stack. @@ -6162,7 +6747,7 @@ of any type (including nil) at position arg.

    Checks whether the function argument arg is an integer (or can be converted to an integer) -and returns this integer cast to a lua_Integer. +and returns this integer. @@ -6175,7 +6760,7 @@ and returns this integer cast to a lua_Integer Checks whether the function argument arg is a string and returns this string; -if l is not NULL fills *l +if l is not NULL fills its referent with the string's length. @@ -6193,7 +6778,7 @@ so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here.

    Checks whether the function argument arg is a number -and returns this number. +and returns this number converted to a lua_Number. @@ -6280,7 +6865,7 @@ See lua_type for the encoding of types for

    Checks whether the function argument arg is a userdata of the type tname (see luaL_newmetatable) and -returns the userdata address (see lua_touserdata). +returns the userdata's memory-block address (see lua_touserdata). @@ -6291,19 +6876,15 @@ returns the userdata address (see lua_touserdata 

    void luaL_checkversion (lua_State *L);

    -Checks whether the core running the call, -the core that created the Lua state, -and the code making the call are all using the same version of Lua. -Also checks whether the core running the call -and the core that created the Lua state -are using the same address space. +Checks whether the code making the call and the Lua library being called +are using the same version of Lua and the same numeric types.

    luaL_dofile

    -[-0, +?, e] +[-0, +?, m] 

    int luaL_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);

    @@ -6313,8 +6894,8 @@ It is defined as the following macro: 

          (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0))

    -It returns false if there are no errors -or true in case of errors. +It returns LUA_OK if there are no errors, +or an error code in case of errors (see §4.4.1). @@ -6331,8 +6912,8 @@ It is defined as the following macro: 

          (luaL_loadstring(L, str) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0))

    -It returns false if there are no errors -or true in case of errors. +It returns LUA_OK if there are no errors, +or an error code in case of errors (see §4.4.1). @@ -6393,7 +6974,7 @@ file-related functions in the standard library

    Pushes onto the stack the field e from the metatable -of the object at index obj and returns the type of pushed value. +of the object at index obj and returns the type of the pushed value. If the object does not have a metatable, or if the metatable does not have this field, pushes nothing and returns LUA_TNIL. @@ -6407,9 +6988,9 @@ pushes nothing and returns LUA_TNIL. 

    int luaL_getmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);

    -Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with name tname -in the registry (see luaL_newmetatable) -(nil if there is no metatable associated with that name). +Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with the name tname +in the registry (see luaL_newmetatable), +or nil if there is no metatable associated with that name. Returns the type of the pushed value. @@ -6440,8 +7021,8 @@ and false if it creates a new table. const char *r);

    -Creates a copy of string s by replacing -any occurrence of the string p +Creates a copy of string s, +replacing any occurrence of the string p with the string r. Pushes the resulting string on the stack and returns it. @@ -6458,7 +7039,7 @@ Returns the "length" of the value at the given index as a number; it is equivalent to the '#' operator in Lua (see §3.4.7). Raises an error if the result of the operation is not an integer. -(This case only can happen through metamethods.) +(This case can only happen through metamethods.) @@ -6496,7 +7077,7 @@ buffer pointed to by buff with size sz. This function returns the same results as lua_load. name is the chunk name, used for debug information and error messages. -The string mode works as in function lua_load. +The string mode works as in the function lua_load. @@ -6528,13 +7109,12 @@ The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a #.

    -The string mode works as in function lua_load. +The string mode works as in the function lua_load.

    -This function returns the same results as lua_load, -but it has an extra error code LUA_ERRFILE -if it cannot open/read the file or the file has a wrong mode. +This function returns the same results as lua_load +or LUA_ERRFILE for file-related errors.

    @@ -6573,7 +7153,7 @@ it does not run it.

    Creates a new table and registers there -the functions in list l. +the functions in the list l.

    @@ -6622,11 +7202,11 @@ creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata, adds to this new table the pair __name = tname, adds to the registry the pair [tname] = new table, and returns 1. -(The entry __name is used by some error-reporting functions.)

    -In both cases pushes onto the stack the final value associated +In both cases, +the function pushes onto the stack the final value associated with tname in the registry. @@ -6640,10 +7220,9 @@ with tname in the registry.

    Creates a new Lua state. It calls lua_newstate with an -allocator based on the standard C realloc function -and then sets a panic function (see §4.6) that prints -an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal -errors. +allocator based on the standard C allocation functions +and then sets a warning function and a panic function (see §4.4) +that print messages to the standard error output.

    @@ -6666,7 +7245,7 @@ Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state.

    luaL_opt

    -[-0, +0, e] +[-0, +0, –] 

    T luaL_opt (L, func, arg, dflt);

    @@ -6679,7 +7258,7 @@ In words, if the argument arg is nil or absent, the macro results in the default dflt. Otherwise, it results in the result of calling func with the state L and the argument index arg as -parameters. +arguments. Note that it evaluates the expression dflt only if needed. @@ -6694,7 +7273,7 @@ Note that it evaluates the expression dflt only if needed.

    If the function argument arg is an integer -(or convertible to an integer), +(or it is convertible to an integer), returns this integer. If this argument is absent or is nil, returns d. @@ -6721,12 +7300,17 @@ Otherwise, raises an error.

    If l is not NULL, -fills the position *l with the result's length. +fills its referent with the result's length. If the result is NULL (only possible when returning d and d == NULL), its length is considered zero. +

    +This function uses lua_tolstring to get its result, +so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. + + @@ -6736,7 +7320,7 @@ its length is considered zero.

    If the function argument arg is a number, -returns this number. +returns this number as a lua_Number. If this argument is absent or is nil, returns d. Otherwise, raises an error. @@ -6790,6 +7374,17 @@ it to the buffer. +

    luaL_pushfail

    +[-0, +1, –] +

    void luaL_pushfail (lua_State *L);
    + +

    +Pushes the fail value onto the stack (see §6). + + + + +

    luaL_pushresult

    [-?, +1, m] 

    void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B);
    @@ -6820,20 +7415,20 @@ Equivalent to the sequence luaL_addsize

    Creates and returns a reference, in the table at index t, -for the object at the top of the stack (and pops the object). +for the object on the top of the stack (and pops the object).

    A reference is a unique integer key. -As long as you do not manually add integer keys into table t, +As long as you do not manually add integer keys into the table t, luaL_ref ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns. -You can retrieve an object referred by reference r +You can retrieve an object referred by the reference r by calling lua_rawgeti(L, t, r). -Function luaL_unref frees a reference and its associated object. +The function luaL_unref frees a reference.

    -If the object at the top of the stack is nil, +If the object on the top of the stack is nil, luaL_ref returns the constant LUA_REFNIL. The constant LUA_NOREF is guaranteed to be different from any reference returned by luaL_ref. @@ -6866,15 +7461,15 @@ in which both name and func are NULL. lua_CFunction openf, int glb);

    -If modname is not already present in package.loaded, -calls function openf with string modname as an argument -and sets the call result in package.loaded[modname], +If package.loaded[modname] is not true, +calls the function openf with the string modname as an argument +and sets the call result to package.loaded[modname], as if that function has been called through require.

    If glb is true, -also stores the module into global modname. +also stores the module into the global modname.

    @@ -6896,8 +7491,9 @@ Registers all functions in the array l

    When nup is not zero, -all functions are created sharing nup upvalues, -which must be previously pushed on the stack +all functions are created with nup upvalues, +initialized with copies of the nup values +previously pushed on the stack on top of the library table. These values are popped from the stack after the registration. @@ -6910,7 +7506,7 @@ These values are popped from the stack after the registration. 

    void luaL_setmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);

    -Sets the metatable of the object at the top of the stack +Sets the metatable of the object on the top of the stack as the metatable associated with name tname in the registry (see luaL_newmetatable). @@ -6925,8 +7521,8 @@ in the registry (see luaL_newmetatable } luaL_Stream;

    -The standard representation for file handles, -which is used by the standard I/O library. +The standard representation for file handles +used by the standard I/O library.

    @@ -6940,14 +7536,14 @@ The metatable is created by the I/O library

    This userdata must start with the structure luaL_Stream; it can contain other data after this initial structure. -Field f points to the corresponding C stream +The field f points to the corresponding C stream (or it can be NULL to indicate an incompletely created handle). -Field closef points to a Lua function +The field closef points to a Lua function that will be called to close the stream when the handle is closed or collected; this function receives the file handle as its sole argument and -must return either true (in case of success) -or nil plus an error message (in case of error). +must return either a true value, in case of success, +or a false value plus an error message, in case of error. Once Lua calls this field, it changes the field value to NULL to signal that the handle is closed. @@ -6999,7 +7595,7 @@ and uses the result of the call as its result.

    Creates and pushes a traceback of the stack L1. -If msg is not NULL it is appended +If msg is not NULL, it is appended at the beginning of the traceback. The level parameter tells at which level to start the traceback. @@ -7008,6 +7604,23 @@ to start the traceback. +

    luaL_typeerror

    +[-0, +0, v] +

    const char *luaL_typeerror (lua_State *L,
+                                      int arg,
+                                      const char *tname);
    + +

    +Raises a type error for the argument arg +of the C function that called it, +using a standard message; +tname is a "name" for the expected type. +This function never returns. + + + + +

    luaL_typename

    [-0, +0, –] 

    const char *luaL_typename (lua_State *L, int index);
    @@ -7024,7 +7637,7 @@ Returns the name of the type of the value at the given index. 
    void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);

    -Releases reference ref from the table at index t +Releases the reference ref from the table at index t (see luaL_ref). The entry is removed from the table, so that the referred object can be collected. @@ -7065,22 +7678,41 @@ This function is used to build a prefix for error messages. -

    6 – Standard Libraries

    +

    6 – The Standard Libraries

    + +

    The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions -that are implemented directly through the C API. +that are implemented in C through the C API. Some of these functions provide essential services to the language (e.g., type and getmetatable); -others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O); +others provide access to outside services (e.g., I/O); and others could be implemented in Lua itself, -but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that +but that for different reasons deserve an implementation in C (e.g., table.sort).

    All libraries are implemented through the official C API and are provided as separate C modules. +Unless otherwise noted, +these library functions do not adjust its number of arguments +to its expected parameters. +For instance, a function documented as foo(arg) +should not be called without an argument. + + +

    +The notation fail means a false value representing +some kind of failure. +(Currently, fail is equal to nil, +but that may change in future versions. +The recommendation is to always test the success of these functions +with (not status), instead of (status == nil).) + + +

    Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries:

      @@ -7122,7 +7754,7 @@ the host program can open them individually by using luaopen_package (for the package library), luaopen_coroutine (for the coroutine library), luaopen_string (for the string library), -luaopen_utf8 (for the UTF8 library), +luaopen_utf8 (for the UTF-8 library), luaopen_table (for the table library), luaopen_math (for the mathematical library), luaopen_io (for the I/O library), @@ -7132,6 +7764,8 @@ These functions are declared in lualib.h + +

      6.1 – Basic Functions

      @@ -7146,7 +7780,7 @@ implementations for some of its facilities.

      -Calls error if +Raises an error if the value of its argument v is false (i.e., nil or false); otherwise, returns all its arguments. In case of error, @@ -7167,77 +7801,84 @@ It performs different functions according to its first argument, opt

    • "collect": -performs a full garbage-collection cycle. +Performs a full garbage-collection cycle. This is the default option.
    • "stop": -stops automatic execution of the garbage collector. +Stops automatic execution of the garbage collector. The collector will run only when explicitly invoked, until a call to restart it.
    • "restart": -restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector. +Restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector.
    • "count": -returns the total memory in use by Lua in Kbytes. +Returns the total memory in use by Lua in Kbytes. The value has a fractional part, so that it multiplied by 1024 -gives the exact number of bytes in use by Lua -(except for overflows). +gives the exact number of bytes in use by Lua.
    • "step": -performs a garbage-collection step. +Performs a garbage-collection step. The step "size" is controlled by arg. With a zero value, the collector will perform one basic (indivisible) step. For non-zero values, the collector will perform as if that amount of memory -(in KBytes) had been allocated by Lua. +(in Kbytes) had been allocated by Lua. Returns true if the step finished a collection cycle.
      • -
    • "setpause": -sets arg as the new value for the pause of -the collector (see §2.5). -Returns the previous value for pause. -
      • - -
    • "setstepmul": -sets arg as the new value for the step multiplier of -the collector (see §2.5). -Returns the previous value for step. -
      • -
    • "isrunning": -returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running +Returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running (i.e., not stopped).
      • -
    +
  • "incremental": +Change the collector mode to incremental. +This option can be followed by three numbers: +the garbage-collector pause, +the step multiplier, +and the step size (see §2.5.1). +A zero means to not change that value. +
    • + +
  • "generational": +Change the collector mode to generational. +This option can be followed by two numbers: +the garbage-collector minor multiplier +and the major multiplier (see §2.5.2). +A zero means to not change that value. +
    • + +

    +See §2.5 for more details about garbage collection +and some of these options. +

    dofile ([filename])

    -Opens the named file and executes its contents as a Lua chunk. +Opens the named file and executes its content as a Lua chunk. When called without arguments, -dofile executes the contents of the standard input (stdin). +dofile executes the content of the standard input (stdin). Returns all values returned by the chunk. In case of errors, dofile propagates the error -to its caller (that is, dofile does not run in protected mode). +to its caller. +(That is, dofile does not run in protected mode.)

    error (message [, level])

    -Terminates the last protected function called -and returns message as the error object. -Function error never returns. +Raises an error (see §2.3) with @{message} as the error object. +This function never returns.

    @@ -7292,7 +7933,7 @@ so that the construction

    will iterate over the key–value pairs (1,t[1]), (2,t[2]), ..., -up to the first nil value. +up to the first absent index. @@ -7316,29 +7957,35 @@ A return of an empty string, nil, or no value signals the end of the chun

    If there are no syntactic errors, -returns the compiled chunk as a function; -otherwise, returns nil plus the error message. +load returns the compiled chunk as a function; +otherwise, it returns fail plus the error message.

    -If the resulting function has upvalues, -the first upvalue is set to the value of env, -if that parameter is given, -or to the value of the global environment. -Other upvalues are initialized with nil. -(When you load a main chunk, +When you load a main chunk, the resulting function will always have exactly one upvalue, the _ENV variable (see §2.2). However, when you load a binary chunk created from a function (see string.dump), -the resulting function can have an arbitrary number of upvalues.) +the resulting function can have an arbitrary number of upvalues, +and there is no guarantee that its first upvalue will be +the _ENV variable. +(A non-main function may not even have an _ENV upvalue.) + + +

    +Regardless, if the resulting function has any upvalues, +its first upvalue is set to the value of env, +if that parameter is given, +or to the value of the global environment. +Other upvalues are initialized with nil. All upvalues are fresh, that is, they are not shared with any other function.

    chunkname is used as the name of the chunk for error messages -and debug information (see §4.9). +and debug information (see §4.7). When absent, it defaults to chunk, if chunk is a string, or to "=(load)" otherwise. @@ -7382,7 +8029,7 @@ if no file name is given. Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table. Its first argument is a table and its second argument is an index in this table. -next returns the next index of the table +A call to next returns the next index of the table and its associated value. When called with nil as its second argument, next returns an initial index @@ -7407,7 +8054,7 @@ The behavior of next is undefined if, during the traversal, you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table. You may however modify existing fields. -In particular, you may clear existing fields. +In particular, you may set existing fields to nil. @@ -7445,7 +8092,7 @@ the table during its traversal.

    -Calls function f with +Calls the function f with the given arguments in protected mode. This means that any error inside f is not propagated; instead, pcall catches the error @@ -7454,7 +8101,8 @@ Its first result is the status code (a boolean), which is true if the call succeeds without errors. In such case, pcall also returns all results from the call, after this first result. -In case of any error, pcall returns false plus the error message. +In case of any error, pcall returns false plus the error object. +Note that errors caught by pcall do not call a message handler. @@ -7463,8 +8111,12 @@ In case of any error, pcall returns false plus the error mes

    print (···)

    Receives any number of arguments and prints their values to stdout, -using the tostring function to convert each argument to a string. -print is not intended for formatted output, +converting each argument to a string +following the same rules of tostring. + + +

    +The function print is not intended for formatted output, but only as a quick way to show a value, for instance for debugging. For complete control over the output, @@ -7485,7 +8137,7 @@ Returns a boolean.

    rawget (table, index)

    Gets the real value of table[index], -without invoking the __index metamethod. +without using the __index metavalue. table must be a table; index may be any value. @@ -7505,7 +8157,7 @@ Returns an integer.

    rawset (table, index, value)

    Sets the real value of table[index] to value, -without invoking the __newindex metamethod. +without using the __newindex metavalue. table must be a table, index any value different from nil and NaN, and value any Lua value. @@ -7537,8 +8189,6 @@ and select returns the total number of extra arguments it received.

    Sets the metatable for the given table. -(To change the metatable of other types from Lua code, -you must use the debug library (§6.10).) If metatable is nil, removes the metatable of the given table. If the original metatable has a __metatable field, @@ -7549,6 +8199,11 @@ raises an error. This function returns table. +

    +To change the metatable of other types from Lua code, +you must use the debug library (§6.10). + +

    @@ -7561,13 +8216,13 @@ When called with no base, If the argument is already a number or a string convertible to a number, then tonumber returns this number; -otherwise, it returns nil. +otherwise, it returns fail.

    The conversion of strings can result in integers or floats, according to the lexical conventions of Lua (see §3.1). -(The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.) +The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.

    @@ -7579,17 +8234,18 @@ In bases above 10, the letter 'A' (in either upper or lower ca represents 10, 'B' represents 11, and so forth, with 'Z' representing 35. If the string e is not a valid numeral in the given base, -the function returns nil. +the function returns fail.

    tostring (v)

    + + +

    Receives a value of any type and converts it to a string in a human-readable format. -(For complete control of how numbers are converted, -use string.format.)

    @@ -7597,12 +8253,23 @@ If the metatable of v has a __tostring field, then tostring calls the corresponding value with v as argument, and uses the result of the call as its result. +Otherwise, if the metatable of v has a __name field +with a string value, +tostring may use that string in its final result. + + +

    +For complete control of how numbers are converted, +use string.format.

    type (v)

    + + +

    Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string. The possible results of this function are "nil" (a string, not the value nil), @@ -7624,7 +8291,30 @@ and "userdata".

    A global variable (not a function) that holds a string containing the running Lua version. -The current value of this variable is "Lua 5.3". +The current value of this variable is "Lua 5.4". + + + + +

    +

    warn (msg1, ···)

    + + +

    +Emits a warning with a message composed by the concatenation +of all its arguments (which should be strings). + + +

    +By convention, +a one-piece message starting with '@' +is intended to be a control message, +which is a message to the warning system itself. +In particular, the standard warning function in Lua +recognizes the control messages "@off", +to stop the emission of warnings, +and "@on", to (re)start the emission; +it ignores unknown control messages. @@ -7651,6 +8341,23 @@ which come inside the table coroutine. See §2.6 for a general description of coroutines. +

    +

    coroutine.close (co)

    + + +

    +Closes coroutine co, +that is, +closes all its pending to-be-closed variables +and puts the coroutine in a dead state. +The given coroutine must be dead or suspended. +In case of error closing some variable, +returns false plus the error object; +otherwise returns true. + + + +

    coroutine.create (f)

    @@ -7665,16 +8372,17 @@ an object with type "thread".

    -

    coroutine.isyieldable ()

    +

    coroutine.isyieldable ([co])

    -Returns true when the running coroutine can yield. +Returns true when the coroutine co can yield. +The default for co is the running coroutine.

    -A running coroutine is yieldable if it is not the main thread and -it is not inside a non-yieldable C function. +A coroutine is yieldable if it is not the main thread and +it is not inside a non-yieldable C function. @@ -7722,9 +8430,10 @@ true when the running coroutine is the main one.

    -Returns the status of coroutine co, as a string: +Returns the status of the coroutine co, as a string: "running", -if the coroutine is running (that is, it called status); +if the coroutine is running +(that is, it is the one that called status); "suspended", if the coroutine is suspended in a call to yield, or if it has not started running yet; "normal" if the coroutine is active but not running @@ -7740,14 +8449,15 @@ or if it has stopped with an error.

    -Creates a new coroutine, with body f. +Creates a new coroutine, with body f; f must be a function. Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is called. -Any arguments passed to the function behave as the +Any arguments passed to this function behave as the extra arguments to resume. -Returns the same values returned by resume, +The function returns the same values returned by resume, except the first boolean. -In case of error, propagates the error. +In case of error, +the function closes the coroutine and propagates the error. @@ -7773,7 +8483,7 @@ The package library provides basic facilities for loading modules in Lua. It exports one function directly in the global environment: require. -Everything else is exported in a table package. +Everything else is exported in the table package.

    @@ -7786,13 +8496,17 @@ The function starts by looking into the pack to determine whether modname is already loaded. If it is, then require returns the value stored at package.loaded[modname]. +(The absence of a second result in this case +signals that this call did not have to load the module.) Otherwise, it tries to find a loader for the module.

    To find a loader, -require is guided by the package.searchers sequence. -By changing this sequence, +require is guided by the table package.searchers. +Each item in this table is a search function, +that searches for the module in a particular way. +By changing this table, we can change how require looks for a module. The following explanation is based on the default configuration for package.searchers. @@ -7813,9 +8527,14 @@ it tries an all-in-one loader (see Once a loader is found, require calls the loader with two arguments: -modname and an extra value dependent on how it got the loader. -(If the loader came from a file, -this extra value is the file name.) +modname and an extra value, +a loader data, +also returned by the searcher. +The loader data can be any value useful to the module; +for the default searchers, +it indicates where the loader was found. +(For instance, if the loader came from a file, +this extra value is the file path.) If the loader returns any non-nil value, require assigns the returned value to package.loaded[modname]. If the loader does not return a non-nil value and @@ -7823,6 +8542,9 @@ has not assigned any value to package.loaded[modname], then require assigns true to this entry. In any case, require returns the final value of package.loaded[modname]. +Besides that value, require also returns as a second result +the loader data returned by the searcher, +which indicates how require found the module.

    @@ -7870,14 +8592,15 @@ Default is '-'.

    -The path used by require to search for a C loader. +A string with the path used by require +to search for a C loader.

    Lua initializes the C path package.cpath in the same way it initializes the Lua path package.path, -using the environment variable LUA_CPATH_5_3 -or the environment variable LUA_CPATH +using the environment variable LUA_CPATH_5_4, +or the environment variable LUA_CPATH, or a default path defined in luaconf.h. @@ -7949,16 +8672,17 @@ plus other Unix systems that support the dlfcn standard).

    -The path used by require to search for a Lua loader. +A string with the path used by require +to search for a Lua loader.

    At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with -the value of the environment variable LUA_PATH_5_3 or +the value of the environment variable LUA_PATH_5_4 or the environment variable LUA_PATH or with a default path defined in luaconf.h, if those environment variables are not defined. -Any ";;" in the value of the environment variable +A ";;" in the value of the environment variable is replaced by the default path. @@ -7986,7 +8710,7 @@ table used by require.

    -A table used by require to control how to load modules. +A table used by require to control how to find modules.

    @@ -7994,10 +8718,14 @@ Each entry in this table is a searcher function. When looking for a module, require calls each of these searchers in ascending order, with the module name (the argument given to require) as its -sole parameter. -The function can return another function (the module loader) -plus an extra value that will be passed to that loader, -or a string explaining why it did not find that module +sole argument. +If the searcher finds the module, +it returns another function, the module loader, +plus an extra value, a loader data, +that will be passed to that loader and +returned as a second result by require. +If it cannot find the module, +it returns a string explaining why (or nil if it has nothing to say). @@ -8060,9 +8788,15 @@ with each submodule keeping its original open function.

    All searchers except the first one (preload) return as the extra value -the file name where the module was found, +the file path where the module was found, as returned by package.searchpath. -The first searcher returns no extra value. +The first searcher always returns the string ":preload:". + + +

    +Searchers should raise no errors and have no side effects in Lua. +(They may have side effects in C, +for instance by linking the application with a library.) @@ -8103,7 +8837,7 @@ will try to open the files

    Returns the resulting name of the first file that it can open in read mode (after closing the file), -or nil plus an error message if none succeeds. +or fail plus an error message if none succeeds. (This error message lists all file names it tried to open.) @@ -8114,6 +8848,8 @@ or nil plus an error message if none succeeds.

    6.4 – String Manipulation

    + +

    This library provides generic functions for string manipulation, such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching. @@ -8187,8 +8923,10 @@ to save space.

    Functions with upvalues have only their number of upvalues saved. When (re)loaded, -those upvalues receive fresh instances containing nil. -(You can use the debug library to serialize +those upvalues receive fresh instances. +(See the load function for details about +how these upvalues are initialized. +You can use the debug library to serialize and reload the upvalues of a function in a way adequate to your needs.) @@ -8204,7 +8942,7 @@ Looks for the first match of pattern (see §6.4.1) in the string s. If it finds a match, then find returns the indices of s where this occurrence starts and ends; -otherwise, it returns nil. +otherwise, it returns fail. A third, optional numeric argument init specifies where to start the search; its default value is 1 and can be negative. @@ -8212,7 +8950,6 @@ A value of true as a fourth, optional argument plain turns off the pattern matching facilities, so the function does a plain "find substring" operation, with no characters in pattern being considered magic. -Note that if plain is given, then init must be given as well.

    @@ -8230,16 +8967,22 @@ after the two indices.

    Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments -following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string). +following the description given in its first argument, +which must be a string. The format string follows the same rules as the ISO C function sprintf. -The only differences are that the options/modifiers -*, h, L, l, n, -and p are not supported -and that there is an extra option, q. +The only differences are that the conversion specifiers and modifiers +*, h, L, l, and n are not supported +and that there is an extra specifier, q.

    -The q option formats a string between double quotes, +The specifier q formats booleans, nil, numbers, and strings +in a way that the result is a valid constant in Lua source code. +Booleans and nil are written in the obvious way +(true, false, nil). +Floats are written in hexadecimal, +to preserve full precision. +A string is written between double quotes, using escape sequences when necessary to ensure that it can safely be read back by the Lua interpreter. For instance, the call @@ -8252,38 +8995,53 @@ may produce the string: 

          "a string with \"quotes\" and \
       new line"
-
    +

    +This specifier does not support modifiers (flags, width, length). +

    -Options +The conversion specifiers A, a, E, e, f, G, and g all expect a number as argument. -Options c, d, +The specifiers c, d, i, o, u, X, and x expect an integer. When Lua is compiled with a C89 compiler, -options A and a (hexadecimal floats) -do not support any modifier (flags, width, length). +the specifiers A and a (hexadecimal floats) +do not support modifiers.

    -Option s expects a string; +The specifier s expects a string; if its argument is not a string, it is converted to one following the same rules of tostring. -If the option has any modifier (flags, width, length), -the string argument should not contain embedded zeros. +If the specifier has any modifier, +the corresponding string argument should not contain embedded zeros. + + +

    +The specifier p formats the pointer +returned by lua_topointer. +That gives a unique string identifier for tables, userdata, +threads, strings, and functions. +For other values (numbers, nil, booleans), +this specifier results in a string representing +the pointer NULL.

    -

    string.gmatch (s, pattern)

    +

    string.gmatch (s, pattern [, init])

    Returns an iterator function that, each time it is called, returns the next captures from pattern (see §6.4.1) over the string s. If pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is produced in each call. +A third, optional numeric argument init specifies +where to start the search; +its default value is 1 and can be negative.

    @@ -8332,9 +9090,9 @@ If repl is a string, then its value is used for replacement. The character % works as an escape character: any sequence in repl of the form %d, with d between 1 and 9, -stands for the value of the d-th captured substring. -The sequence %0 stands for the whole match. -The sequence %% stands for a single %. +stands for the value of the d-th captured substring; +the sequence %0 stands for the whole match; +the sequence %% stands for a single %.

    @@ -8384,15 +9142,18 @@ Here are some examples: end) --> x="4+5 = 9" - local t = {name="lua", version="5.3"} + local t = {name="lua", version="5.4"} x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t) - --> x="lua-5.3.tar.gz" + --> x="lua-5.4.tar.gz"

    string.len (s)

    + + +

    Receives a string and returns its length. The empty string "" has length 0. Embedded zeros are counted, @@ -8403,6 +9164,9 @@ so "a\000bc\000" has length 5.

    string.lower (s)

    + + +

    Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all uppercase letters changed to lowercase. All other characters are left unchanged. @@ -8413,11 +9177,14 @@ The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale.

    string.match (s, pattern [, init])

    + + +

    Looks for the first match of -pattern (see §6.4.1) in the string s. +the pattern (see §6.4.1) in the string s. If it finds one, then match returns the captures from the pattern; -otherwise it returns nil. +otherwise it returns fail. If pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is returned. A third, optional numeric argument init specifies @@ -8433,8 +9200,8 @@ its default value is 1 and can be negative.

    Returns a binary string containing the values v1, v2, etc. -packed (that is, serialized in binary form) -according to the format string fmt (see §6.4.2). +serialized in binary form (packed) +according to the format string fmt (see §6.4.2). @@ -8454,6 +9221,9 @@ The format string cannot have the variable-length options

    string.rep (s, n [, sep])

    + + +

    Returns a string that is the concatenation of n copies of the string s separated by the string sep. The default value for sep is the empty string @@ -8470,6 +9240,9 @@ with a single call to this function.)

    string.reverse (s)

    + + +

    Returns a string that is the string s reversed. @@ -8477,6 +9250,9 @@ Returns a string that is the string s reversed.

    string.sub (s, i [, j])

    + + +

    Returns the substring of s that starts at i and continues until j; i and j can be negative. @@ -8485,7 +9261,8 @@ If j is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1 In particular, the call string.sub(s,1,j) returns a prefix of s with length j, -and string.sub(s, -i) returns a suffix of s +and string.sub(s, -i) (for a positive i) +returns a suffix of s with length i. @@ -8519,6 +9296,9 @@ this function also returns the index of the first unread byte in s.

    string.upper (s)

    + + +

    Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all lowercase letters changed to uppercase. All other characters are left unchanged. @@ -8528,8 +9308,12 @@ The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale. + +

    6.4.1 – Patterns

    + +

    Patterns in Lua are described by regular strings, which are interpreted as patterns by the pattern-matching functions @@ -8542,6 +9326,8 @@ This section describes the syntax and the meaning + +

    Character Class:

    A character class is used to represent a set of characters. The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class: @@ -8581,8 +9367,7 @@ represents the character x. This is the standard way to escape the magic characters. Any non-alphanumeric character (including all punctuation characters, even the non-magical) -can be preceded by a '%' -when used to represent itself in a pattern. +can be preceded by a '%' to represent itself in a pattern.

  • [set]: @@ -8604,7 +9389,7 @@ the lowercase letters plus the '-' character.

    You can put a closing square bracket in a set by positioning it as the first character in the set. -You can put an hyphen in a set +You can put a hyphen in a set by positioning it as the first or the last character in the set. (You can also use an escape for both cases.) @@ -8647,19 +9432,19 @@ which matches any single character in the class;

  • a single character class followed by '*', -which matches zero or more repetitions of characters in the class. +which matches sequences of zero or more characters in the class. These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence;
  • a single character class followed by '+', -which matches one or more repetitions of characters in the class. +which matches sequences of one or more characters in the class. These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence;
  • a single character class followed by '-', -which also matches zero or more repetitions of characters in the class. +which also matches sequences of zero or more characters in the class. Unlike '*', these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence;
    • @@ -8723,13 +9508,13 @@ that match captures are stored (captured) for future use. Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses. For instance, in the pattern "(a*(.)%w(%s*))", the part of the string matching "a*(.)%w(%s*)" is -stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1); +stored as the first capture, and therefore has number 1; the character matching "." is captured with number 2, and the part matching "%s*" has number 3.

    -As a special case, the empty capture () captures +As a special case, the capture () captures the current string position (a number). For instance, if we apply the pattern "()aa()" on the string "flaaap", there will be two captures: 3 and 5. @@ -8738,6 +9523,32 @@ string "flaaap", there will be two captures: 3 and 5. +

    Multiple matches:

    +The function string.gsub and the iterator string.gmatch +match multiple occurrences of the given pattern in the subject. +For these functions, +a new match is considered valid only +if it ends at least one byte after the end of the previous match. +In other words, the pattern machine never accepts the +empty string as a match immediately after another match. +As an example, +consider the results of the following code: + +

    +     > string.gsub("abc", "()a*()", print);
+     --> 1   2
+     --> 3   3
+     --> 4   4
+

    +The second and third results come from Lua matching an empty +string after 'b' and another one after 'c'. +Lua does not match an empty string after 'a', +because it would end at the same position of the previous match. + + + + +

    6.4.2 – Format Strings for Pack and Unpack

    @@ -8784,13 +9595,13 @@ coded as an unsigned integer with n bytes
  • Xop: an empty item that aligns according to option op (which is otherwise ignored)
    • -
  • ' ': (empty space) ignored
    • +
  • ' ': (space) ignored

    • (A "[n]" means an optional integral numeral.) Except for padding, spaces, and configurations (options "xX <=>!"), -each option corresponds to an argument (in string.pack) -or a result (in string.unpack). +each option corresponds to an argument in string.pack +or a result in string.unpack.

    @@ -8799,6 +9610,8 @@ For options "!n", "sn", "i All integral options check overflows; string.pack checks whether the given value fits in the given size; string.unpack checks whether the read value fits in a Lua integer. +For the unsigned options, +Lua integers are treated as unsigned values too.

    @@ -8808,6 +9621,13 @@ with maximum alignment of 1 (no alignment) and native endianness. +

    +Native endianness assumes that the whole system is +either big or little endian. +The packing functions will not emulate correctly the behavior +of mixed-endian formats. + +

    Alignment works as follows: For each option, @@ -8821,7 +9641,7 @@ option "s" follows the alignment of its starting integer.

    All padding is filled with zeros by string.pack -(and ignored by string.unpack). +and ignored by string.unpack. @@ -8849,8 +9669,30 @@ As in the string library, negative indices count from the end of the string. +

    +Functions that create byte sequences +accept all values up to 0x7FFFFFFF, +as defined in the original UTF-8 specification; +that implies byte sequences of up to six bytes. + + +

    +Functions that interpret byte sequences only accept +valid sequences (well formed and not overlong). +By default, they only accept byte sequences +that result in valid Unicode code points, +rejecting values greater than 10FFFF and surrogates. +A boolean argument lax, when available, +lifts these checks, +so that all values up to 0x7FFFFFFF are accepted. +(Not well formed and overlong sequences are still rejected.) + +

    utf8.char (···)

    + + +

    Receives zero or more integers, converts each one to its corresponding UTF-8 byte sequence and returns a string with the concatenation of all these sequences. @@ -8860,7 +9702,10 @@ and returns a string with the concatenation of all these sequences.

    utf8.charpattern

    -The pattern (a string, not a function) "[\0-\x7F\xC2-\xF4][\x80-\xBF]*" + + +

    +The pattern (a string, not a function) "[\0-\x7F\xC2-\xFD][\x80-\xBF]*" (see §6.4.1), which matches exactly one UTF-8 byte sequence, assuming that the subject is a valid UTF-8 string. @@ -8869,7 +9714,7 @@ assuming that the subject is a valid UTF-8 string.

    -

    utf8.codes (s)

    +

    utf8.codes (s [, lax])

    @@ -8878,7 +9723,7 @@ Returns values so that the construction 

          for p, c in utf8.codes(s) do body end

    -will iterate over all characters in string s, +will iterate over all UTF-8 characters in string s, with p being the position (in bytes) and c the code point of each character. It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence. @@ -8887,8 +9732,11 @@ It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence.

    -

    utf8.codepoint (s [, i [, j]])

    -Returns the codepoints (as integers) from all characters in s +

    utf8.codepoint (s [, i [, j [, lax]]])

    + + +

    +Returns the code points (as integers) from all characters in s that start between byte position i and j (both included). The default for i is 1 and for j is i. It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence. @@ -8897,18 +9745,24 @@ It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence.

    -

    utf8.len (s [, i [, j]])

    +

    utf8.len (s [, i [, j [, lax]]])

    + + +

    Returns the number of UTF-8 characters in string s that start between positions i and j (both inclusive). The default for i is 1 and for j is -1. If it finds any invalid byte sequence, -returns a false value plus the position of the first invalid byte. +returns fail plus the position of the first invalid byte.

    utf8.offset (s, n [, i])

    + + +

    Returns the position (in bytes) where the encoding of the n-th character of s (counting from position i) starts. @@ -8919,7 +9773,7 @@ so that utf8.offset(s, -n) gets the offset of the n-th character from the end of the string. If the specified character is neither in the subject nor right after its end, -the function returns nil. +the function returns fail.

    @@ -8946,8 +9800,7 @@ It provides all its functions inside the table table Remember that, whenever an operation needs the length of a table, -the table must be a proper sequence -or have a __len metamethod (see §3.4.7). +all caveats about the length operator apply (see §3.4.7). All functions ignore non-numeric keys in the tables given as arguments. @@ -8977,7 +9830,7 @@ shifting up the elements list[pos], list[pos+1], ···, list[#list]. The default value for pos is #list+1, so that a call table.insert(t,x) inserts x at the end -of list t. +of the list t. @@ -8987,7 +9840,7 @@ of list t.

    -Moves elements from table a1 to table a2, +Moves elements from the table a1 to the table a2, performing the equivalent to the following multiple assignment: a2[t],··· = a1[f],···,a1[e]. @@ -9007,9 +9860,10 @@ Returns the destination table a2.

    -Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc. -and with a field "n" with the total number of parameters. -Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence. +Returns a new table with all arguments stored into keys 1, 2, etc. +and with a field "n" with the total number of arguments. +Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence, +if some arguments are nil. @@ -9026,14 +9880,13 @@ it shifts down the elements list[pos+1], list[pos+2], ···, list[#list] and erases element list[#list]; The index pos can also be 0 when #list is 0, -or #list + 1; -in those cases, the function erases the element list[pos]. +or #list + 1.

    The default value for pos is #list, so that a call table.remove(l) removes the last element -of list l. +of the list l. @@ -9043,7 +9896,7 @@ of list l.

    -Sorts list elements in a given order, in-place, +Sorts the list elements in a given order, in-place, from list[1] to list[#list]. If comp is given, then it must be a function that receives two list elements @@ -9063,9 +9916,8 @@ Otherwise, no valid sort may be possible.

    -The sort algorithm is not stable; -that is, elements not comparable by the given order -(e.g., equal elements) +The sort algorithm is not stable: +elements considered equal by the given order may have their relative positions changed by the sort. @@ -9097,9 +9949,9 @@ This library provides basic mathematical functions. It provides all its functions and constants inside the table math. Functions with the annotation "integer/float" give integer results for integer arguments -and float results for float (or mixed) arguments. -Rounding functions -(math.ceil, math.floor, and math.modf) +and float results for non-integer arguments. +The rounding functions +math.ceil, math.floor, and math.modf return an integer when the result fits in the range of an integer, or a float otherwise. @@ -9109,7 +9961,7 @@ or a float otherwise.

    -Returns the absolute value of x. (integer/float) +Returns the maximum value between x and -x. (integer/float) @@ -9141,9 +9993,9 @@ Returns the arc sine of x (in radians).

    Returns the arc tangent of y/x (in radians), -but uses the signs of both parameters to find the +but uses the signs of both arguments to find the quadrant of the result. -(It also handles correctly the case of x being zero.) +It also handles correctly the case of x being zero.

    @@ -9159,7 +10011,7 @@ returns the arc tangent of y.

    -Returns the smallest integral value larger than or equal to x. +Returns the smallest integral value greater than or equal to x. @@ -9200,7 +10052,7 @@ Returns the value ex

    -Returns the largest integral value smaller than or equal to x. +Returns the largest integral value less than or equal to x. @@ -9222,7 +10074,7 @@ that rounds the quotient towards zero. (integer/float)

    The float value HUGE_VAL, -a value larger than any other numeric value. +a value greater than any other numeric value. @@ -9245,7 +10097,7 @@ The default for base is e

    Returns the argument with the maximum value, -according to the Lua operator <. (integer/float) +according to the Lua operator <. @@ -9263,7 +10115,7 @@ An integer with the maximum value for an integer.

    Returns the argument with the minimum value, -according to the Lua operator <. (integer/float) +according to the Lua operator <. @@ -9317,25 +10169,59 @@ in the range [0,1). When called with two integers m and n, math.random returns a pseudo-random integer with uniform distribution in the range [m, n]. -(The value n-m cannot be negative and must fit in a Lua integer.) -The call math.random(n) is equivalent to math.random(1,n). +The call math.random(n), for a positive n, +is equivalent to math.random(1,n). +The call math.random(0) produces an integer with +all bits (pseudo)random.

    -This function is an interface to the underling -pseudo-random generator function provided by C. +This function uses the xoshiro256** algorithm to produce +pseudo-random 64-bit integers, +which are the results of calls with argument 0. +Other results (ranges and floats) +are unbiased extracted from these integers. + + +

    +Lua initializes its pseudo-random generator with the equivalent of +a call to math.randomseed with no arguments, +so that math.random should generate +different sequences of results each time the program runs.

    -

    math.randomseed (x)

    +

    math.randomseed ([x [, y]])

    -Sets x as the "seed" -for the pseudo-random generator: +When called with at least one argument, +the integer parameters x and y are +joined into a 128-bit seed that +is used to reinitialize the pseudo-random generator; equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers. +The default for y is zero. + + +

    +When called with no arguments, +Lua generates a seed with +a weak attempt for randomness. + + +

    +This function returns the two seed components +that were effectively used, +so that setting them again repeats the sequence. + + +

    +To ensure a required level of randomness to the initial state +(or contrarily, to have a deterministic sequence, +for instance when debugging a program), +you should call math.randomseed with explicit arguments. @@ -9378,7 +10264,7 @@ Returns the tangent of x (assumed to be in radians).

    If the value x is convertible to an integer, returns that integer. -Otherwise, returns nil. +Otherwise, returns fail. @@ -9390,7 +10276,7 @@ Otherwise, returns nil.

    Returns "integer" if x is an integer, "float" if it is a float, -or nil if x is not a number. +or fail if x is not a number. @@ -9401,7 +10287,7 @@ or nil if x is not a number.

    Returns a boolean, -true if integer m is below integer n when +true if and only if integer m is below integer n when they are compared as unsigned integers. @@ -9417,7 +10303,7 @@ The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation. The first one uses implicit file handles; that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a default output file, -and all input/output operations are over these default files. +and all input/output operations are done over these default files. The second style uses explicit file handles. @@ -9429,6 +10315,12 @@ the operation io.open returns a file han and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file handle. +

    +The metatable for file handles provides metamethods +for __gc and __close that try +to close the file when called. + +

    The table io also provides three predefined file handles with their usual meanings from C: @@ -9438,10 +10330,10 @@ The I/O library never closes these files.

    Unless otherwise stated, -all I/O functions return nil on failure -(plus an error message as a second result and -a system-dependent error code as a third result) -and some value different from nil on success. +all I/O functions return fail on failure, +plus an error message as a second result and +a system-dependent error code as a third result, +and some non-false value on success. On non-POSIX systems, the computation of the error message and error code in case of errors @@ -9479,7 +10371,7 @@ When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode), and sets its handle as the default input file. When called with a file handle, it simply sets this file handle as the default input file. -When called without parameters, +When called without arguments, it returns the current default input file. @@ -9498,19 +10390,27 @@ instead of returning an error code. Opens the given file name in read mode and returns an iterator function that works like file:lines(···) over the opened file. -When the iterator function detects the end of file, -it returns no values (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file. +When the iterator function fails to read any value, +it automatically closes the file. +Besides the iterator function, +io.lines returns three other values: +two nil values as placeholders, +plus the created file handle. +Therefore, when used in a generic for loop, +the file is closed also if the loop is interrupted by an +error or a break.

    The call io.lines() (with no file name) is equivalent -to io.input():lines("*l"); +to io.input():lines("l"); that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. -In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends. +In this case, the iterator does not close the file when the loop ends.

    -In case of errors this function raises the error, +In case of errors opening the file, +this function raises the error, instead of returning an error code. @@ -9565,7 +10465,7 @@ on all platforms.

    -Starts program prog in a separated process and returns +Starts the program prog in a separated process and returns a file handle that you can use to read data from this program (if mode is "r", the default) or to write data to this program @@ -9605,7 +10505,7 @@ and it is automatically removed when the program ends. Checks whether obj is a valid file handle. Returns the string "file" if obj is an open file handle, "closed file" if obj is a closed file handle, -or nil if obj is not a file handle. +or fail if obj is not a file handle. @@ -9670,11 +10570,6 @@ Unlike io.lines, this function does not when the loop ends. -

    -In case of errors this function raises the error, -instead of returning an error code. - -

    @@ -9686,10 +10581,10 @@ Reads the file file, according to the given formats, which specify what to read. For each format, the function returns a string or a number with the characters read, -or nil if it cannot read data with the specified format. +or fail if it cannot read data with the specified format. (In this latter case, the function does not read subsequent formats.) -When called without formats, +When called without arguments, it uses a default format that reads the next line (see below). @@ -9702,36 +10597,38 @@ The available formats are

  • "n": reads a numeral and returns it as a float or an integer, following the lexical conventions of Lua. -(The numeral may have leading spaces and a sign.) +(The numeral may have leading whitespaces and a sign.) This format always reads the longest input sequence that is a valid prefix for a numeral; if that prefix does not form a valid numeral -(e.g., an empty string, "0x", or "3.4e-"), -it is discarded and the function returns nil. +(e.g., an empty string, "0x", or "3.4e-") +or it is too long (more than 200 characters), +it is discarded and the format returns fail.
  • "a": reads the whole file, starting at the current position. -On end of file, it returns the empty string. +On end of file, it returns the empty string; +this format never fails.
  • "l": reads the next line skipping the end of line, -returning nil on end of file. +returning fail on end of file. This is the default format.
  • "L": reads the next line keeping the end-of-line character (if present), -returning nil on end of file. +returning fail on end of file.
  • number: reads a string with up to this number of bytes, -returning nil on end of file. +returning fail on end of file. If number is zero, it reads nothing and returns an empty string, -or nil on end of file. +or fail on end of file.

    • @@ -9757,7 +10654,7 @@ specified by the string whence, as follows:

    In case of success, seek returns the final file position, measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. -If seek fails, it returns nil, +If seek fails, it returns fail, plus a string describing the error. @@ -9779,33 +10676,27 @@ end of the file, and returns its size.

    -Sets the buffering mode for an output file. +Sets the buffering mode for a file. There are three available modes:

      +
    • "no": no buffering.
      • +
    • "full": full buffering.
      • +
    • "line": line buffering.
      • +
    -
  • "no": -no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately. -
    • - -
  • "full": -full buffering; output operation is performed only -when the buffer is full or when -you explicitly flush the file (see io.flush). -
    • - -
  • "line": -line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output -or there is any input from some special files -(such as a terminal device). -
    • - -

    -For the last two cases, size -specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. +

    +For the last two cases, +size is a hint for the size of the buffer, in bytes. The default is an appropriate size. +

    +The specific behavior of each mode is non portable; +check the underlying ISO C function setvbuf in your platform for +more details. + +

    @@ -9819,7 +10710,6 @@ The arguments must be strings or numbers.

    In case of success, this function returns file. -Otherwise it returns nil plus a string describing the error. @@ -9839,7 +10729,8 @@ This library is implemented through table os.

    Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time -used by the program. +used by the program, +as returned by the underlying ISO C function clock. @@ -9867,7 +10758,8 @@ After this optional character, if format is the string "*t", then date returns a table with the following fields: year, month (1–12), day (1–31), -hour (0–23), min (0–59), sec (0–61), +hour (0–23), min (0–59), +sec (0–61, due to leap seconds), wday (weekday, 1–7, Sunday is 1), yday (day of the year, 1–366), and isdst (daylight saving flag, a boolean). @@ -9882,10 +10774,9 @@ formatted according to the same rules as the ISO C function strftime<

    -When called without arguments, -date returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on -the host system and on the current locale. -(More specifically, os.date() is equivalent to os.date("%c").) +If format is absent, it defaults to "%c", +which gives a human-readable date and time representation +using the current locale.

    @@ -9919,7 +10810,7 @@ This function is equivalent to the ISO C function system. It passes command to be executed by an operating system shell. Its first result is true if the command terminated successfully, -or nil otherwise. +or fail otherwise. After this first result the function returns a string plus a number, as follows: @@ -9972,8 +10863,8 @@ closes the Lua state before exiting.

    -Returns the value of the process environment variable varname, -or nil if the variable is not defined. +Returns the value of the process environment variable varname +or fail if the variable is not defined. @@ -9985,8 +10876,9 @@ or nil if the variable is not defined.

    Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems) with the given name. -If this function fails, it returns nil, +If this function fails, it returns fail plus a string describing the error and the error code. +Otherwise, it returns true. @@ -9996,9 +10888,10 @@ plus a string describing the error and the error code.

    -Renames file or directory named oldname to newname. -If this function fails, it returns nil, +Renames the file or directory named oldname to newname. +If this function fails, it returns fail, plus a string describing the error and the error code. +Otherwise, it returns true. @@ -10015,7 +10908,7 @@ Sets the current locale of the program. "monetary", "numeric", or "time"; the default category is "all". The function returns the name of the new locale, -or nil if the request cannot be honored. +or fail if the request cannot be honored.

    @@ -10056,11 +10949,12 @@ For a description of these fields, see the os.date<

    -The values in these fields do not need to be inside their valid ranges. +When the function is called, +the values in these fields do not need to be inside their valid ranges. For instance, if sec is -10, -it means -10 seconds from the time specified by the other fields; +it means 10 seconds before the time specified by the other fields; if hour is 1000, -it means +1000 hours from the time specified by the other fields. +it means 1000 hours after the time specified by the other fields.

    @@ -10073,6 +10967,14 @@ and the number returned by time can be used only as an argument to os.date and os.difftime. +

    +When called with a table, +os.time also normalizes all the fields +documented in the os.date function, +so that they represent the same time as before the call +but with values inside their valid ranges. + +

    @@ -10087,7 +10989,7 @@ and explicitly removed when no longer needed.

    -On POSIX systems, +In POSIX systems, this function also creates a file with that name, to avoid security risks. (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions @@ -10111,7 +11013,7 @@ which automatically removes the file when the program ends.

    This library provides -the functionality of the debug interface (§4.9) to Lua programs. +the functionality of the debug interface (§4.7) to Lua programs. You should exert care when using this library. Several of its functions violate basic assumptions about Lua code @@ -10160,8 +11062,12 @@ within any function and so have no direct access to local variables.

    Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values: the current hook function, the current hook mask, -and the current hook count -(as set by the debug.sethook function). +and the current hook count, +as set by the debug.sethook function. + + +

    +Returns fail if there is no active hook. @@ -10180,8 +11086,8 @@ level 0 is the current function (getinfo itself); level 1 is the function that called getinfo (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack); and so on. -If f is a number larger than the number of active functions, -then getinfo returns nil. +If f is a number greater than the number of active functions, +then getinfo returns fail.

    @@ -10217,7 +11123,7 @@ about the print function. This function returns the name and the value of the local variable with index local of the function at level f of the stack. This function accesses not only explicit local variables, -but also parameters, temporaries, etc. +but also parameters and temporary values.

    @@ -10225,9 +11131,12 @@ The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on, following the order that they are declared in the code, counting only the variables that are active in the current scope of the function. -Negative indices refer to vararg parameters; --1 is the first vararg parameter. -The function returns nil if there is no variable with the given index, +Compile-time constants may not appear in this listing, +if they were optimized away by the compiler. +Negative indices refer to vararg arguments; +-1 is the first vararg argument. +The function returns fail +if there is no variable with the given index, and raises an error when called with a level out of range. (You can call debug.getinfo to check whether the level is valid.) @@ -10262,7 +11171,7 @@ or nil if it does not have a metatable.

    -Returns the registry table (see §4.5). +Returns the registry table (see §4.3). @@ -10274,25 +11183,74 @@ Returns the registry table (see §4.5).

    This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue with index up of the function f. -The function returns nil if there is no upvalue with the given index. +The function returns fail +if there is no upvalue with the given index.

    -Variable names starting with '(' (open parenthesis) -represent variables with no known names +(For Lua functions, +upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, +and that are consequently included in its closure.) + + +

    +For C functions, this function uses the empty string "" +as a name for all upvalues. + + +

    +Variable name '?' (interrogation mark) +represents variables with no known names (variables from chunks saved without debug information).

    -

    debug.getuservalue (u)

    +

    debug.getuservalue (u, n)

    -Returns the Lua value associated to u. -If u is not a userdata, -returns nil. +Returns the n-th user value associated +to the userdata u plus a boolean, +false if the userdata does not have that value. + + + + +

    +

    debug.setcstacklimit (limit)

    + + +

    +Sets a new limit for the C stack. +This limit controls how deeply nested calls can go in Lua, +with the intent of avoiding a stack overflow. +A limit too small restricts recursive calls pointlessly; +a limit too large exposes the interpreter to stack-overflow crashes. +Unfortunately, there is no way to know a priori +the maximum safe limit for a platform. + + +

    +Each call made from Lua code counts one unit. +Other operations (e.g., calls made from C to Lua or resuming a coroutine) +may have a higher cost. + + +

    +This function has the following restrictions: + +

      +
    • It can only be called from the main coroutine (thread);
      • +
    • It cannot be called while handling a stack-overflow error;
      • +
    • limit must be less than 40000;
      • +
    • limit cannot be less than the amount of C stack in use.
      • +

    +If a call does not respect some restriction, +it returns a false value. +Otherwise, +the call returns the old limit. @@ -10302,7 +11260,7 @@ returns nil.

    -Sets the given function as a hook. +Sets the given function as the debug hook. The string mask and the number count describe when the hook will be called. The string mask may have any combination of the following characters, @@ -10326,16 +11284,15 @@ When called without arguments,

    When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string describing the event that has triggered its call: -"call" (or "tail call"), -"return", +"call", "tail call", "return", "line", and "count". For line events, the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter. Inside a hook, you can call getinfo with level 2 to get more information about -the running function -(level 0 is the getinfo function, -and level 1 is the hook function). +the running function. +(Level 0 is the getinfo function, +and level 1 is the hook function.) @@ -10347,7 +11304,7 @@ and level 1 is the hook function).

    This function assigns the value value to the local variable with index local of the function at level level of the stack. -The function returns nil if there is no local +The function returns fail if there is no local variable with the given index, and raises an error when called with a level out of range. (You can call getinfo to check whether the level is valid.) @@ -10380,25 +11337,30 @@ Returns value.

    This function assigns the value value to the upvalue with index up of the function f. -The function returns nil if there is no upvalue +The function returns fail if there is no upvalue with the given index. Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue. +

    +See debug.getupvalue for more information about upvalues. + +

    -

    debug.setuservalue (udata, value)

    +

    debug.setuservalue (udata, value, n)

    Sets the given value as -the Lua value associated to the given udata. +the n-th user value associated to the given udata. udata must be a full userdata.

    -Returns udata. +Returns udata, +or fail if the userdata does not have that value. @@ -10465,7 +11427,7 @@ An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language, called simply lua, is provided with the standard distribution. The standalone interpreter includes -all standard libraries, including the debug library. +all standard libraries. Its usage is: 

    @@ -10474,13 +11436,15 @@ Its usage is:
 The options are:
 
 
      
-
    • -e stat:  executes string stat;
      • 
-
    • -l mod:  "requires" mod;
      • 
-
    • -i:  enters interactive mode after running script;
      • 
-
    • -v:  prints version information;
      • 
-
    • -E:  ignores environment variables;
      • 
-
    • --:  stops handling options;
      • 
-
    • -:  executes stdin as a file and stops handling options.
      • 
+
    • -e stat:  execute string stat;
      • 
+
    • -i:  enter interactive mode after running script;
      • 
+
    • -l mod:  "require" mod and assign the
+  result to global mod;
      • 
+
    • -v:  print version information;
      • 
+
    • -E:  ignore environment variables;
      • 
+
    • -W:  turn warnings on;
      • 
+
    • --:  stop handling options;
      • 
+
    • -:  execute stdin as a file and stop handling options.
      • 
 
    
 After handling its options, lua runs the given script.
 When called without arguments,
@@ -10490,8 +11454,8 @@ and as lua - otherwise.
 
 
 
    
-When called without option -E, 
-the interpreter checks for an environment variable LUA_INIT_5_3
+When called without the option -E,
+the interpreter checks for an environment variable LUA_INIT_5_4
 (or LUA_INIT if the versioned name is not defined)
 before running any argument.
 If the variable content has the format @filename,
@@ -10500,23 +11464,22 @@ Otherwise, lua executes the string itself.
 
 
 
    
-When called with option -E,
-besides ignoring LUA_INIT,
-Lua also ignores
-the values of LUA_PATH and LUA_CPATH,
-setting the values of
-package.path and package.cpath
-with the default paths defined in luaconf.h.
+When called with the option -E,
+Lua does not consult any environment variables.
+In particular,
+the values of package.path and package.cpath
+are set with the default paths defined in luaconf.h.
 
 
 
    
-All options are handled in order, except -i and -E.
+The options -e, -l, and -W are handled in
+the order they appear.
 For instance, an invocation like
 
 
    -     $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua
+     $ lua -e 'a=1' -llib1 script.lua
 
    
-will first set a to 1, then print the value of a,
+will first set a to 1, then require the library lib1,
 and finally run the file script.lua with no arguments.
 (Here $ is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.)
 
@@ -10553,10 +11516,10 @@ For instance, the call

    will print "-e". If there is a script, -the script is called with parameters +the script is called with arguments arg[1], ···, arg[#arg]. -(Like all chunks in Lua, -the script is compiled as a vararg function.) +Like all chunks in Lua, +the script is compiled as a vararg function.

    @@ -10582,11 +11545,13 @@ its value is used as the secondary prompt

    In case of unprotected errors in the script, the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream. -If the error object is not a string but +If the error object is not a string but has a metamethod __tostring, the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message. Otherwise, the interpreter converts the error object to a string and adds a stack traceback to it. +When warnings are on, +they are simply printed in the standard error output.

    @@ -10600,8 +11565,7 @@ calling os.exit to terminate.

    To allow the use of Lua as a script interpreter in Unix systems, -the standalone interpreter skips -the first line of a chunk if it starts with #. +Lua skips the first line of a file chunk if it starts with #. Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs by using chmod +x and the #! form, as in @@ -10609,7 +11573,7 @@ as in 

          #!/usr/local/bin/lua

    -(Of course, +Of course, the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine. If lua is in your PATH, then @@ -10617,19 +11581,31 @@ then 

          #!/usr/bin/env lua

    -is a more portable solution.) +is a more portable solution.

    8 – Incompatibilities with the Previous Version

    + +

    Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program -from Lua 5.2 to Lua 5.3. +from Lua 5.3 to Lua 5.4. + + +

    You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with appropriate options (see file luaconf.h). However, all these compatibility options will be removed in the future. +More often than not, +compatibility issues arise when these compatibility options +are removed. +So, whenever you have the chance, +you should try to test your code with a version of Lua compiled +with all compatibility options turned off. +That will ease transitions to newer versions of Lua.

    @@ -10638,7 +11614,7 @@ do not imply source-code changes in a program, such as the numeric values for constants or the implementation of functions as macros. Therefore, -you should not assume that binaries are compatible between +you should never assume that binaries are compatible between different Lua versions. Always recompile clients of the Lua API when using a new version. @@ -10656,49 +11632,57 @@ change between versions. -

    8.1 – Changes in the Language

    + + +

    8.1 – Incompatibilities in the Language

    • -The main difference between Lua 5.2 and Lua 5.3 is the -introduction of an integer subtype for numbers. -Although this change should not affect "normal" computations, -some computations -(mainly those that involve some kind of overflow) -can give different results. - - -

      -You can fix these differences by forcing a number to be a float -(in Lua 5.2 all numbers were float), -in particular writing constants with an ending .0 -or using x = x + 0.0 to convert a variable. -(This recommendation is only for a quick fix -for an occasional incompatibility; -it is not a general guideline for good programming. -For good programming, -use floats where you need floats -and integers where you need integers.) +The coercion of strings to numbers in +arithmetic and bitwise operations +has been removed from the core language. +The string library does a similar job +for arithmetic (but not for bitwise) operations +using the string metamethods. +However, unlike in previous versions, +the new implementation preserves the implicit type of the numeral +in the string. +For instance, the result of "1" + "2" now is an integer, +not a float.

    • -The conversion of a float to a string now adds a .0 suffix -to the result if it looks like an integer. -(For instance, the float 2.0 will be printed as 2.0, -not as 2.) -You should always use an explicit format -when you need a specific format for numbers. - - -

      -(Formally this is not an incompatibility, -because Lua does not specify how numbers are formatted as strings, -but some programs assumed a specific format.) +Literal decimal integer constants that overflow are read as floats, +instead of wrapping around. +You can use hexadecimal notation for such constants if you +want the old behavior +(reading them as integers with wrap around).

    • -The generational mode for the garbage collector was removed. -(It was an experimental feature in Lua 5.2.) +The use of the __lt metamethod to emulate __le +has been removed. +When needed, this metamethod must be explicitly defined. +
      • + +
    • +The semantics of the numerical for loop +over integers changed in some details. +In particular, the control variable never wraps around. +
      • + +
    • +A label for a goto cannot be declared where a label with the same +name is visible, even if this other label is declared in an enclosing +block. +
      • + +
    • +When finalizing an object, +Lua does not ignore __gc metamethods that are not functions. +Any value will be called, if present. +(Non-callable values will generate a warning, +like any other error when calling a finalizer.)
    @@ -10706,61 +11690,43 @@ The generational mode for the garbage collector was removed. -

    8.2 – Changes in the Libraries

    +

    8.2 – Incompatibilities in the Libraries

    • -The bit32 library has been deprecated. -It is easy to require a compatible external library or, -better yet, to replace its functions with appropriate bitwise operations. -(Keep in mind that bit32 operates on 32-bit integers, -while the bitwise operators in Lua 5.3 operate on Lua integers, -which by default have 64 bits.) +The function print does not call tostring +to format its arguments; +instead, it has this functionality hardwired. +You should use __tostring to modify how values are printed.
    • -The Table library now respects metamethods -for setting and getting elements. +The pseudo-random number generator used by the function math.random +now starts with a somewhat random seed. +Moreover, it uses a different algorithm.
    • -The ipairs iterator now respects metamethods and -its __ipairs metamethod has been deprecated. +By default, the decoding functions in the utf8 library +do not accept surrogates as valid code points. +An extra parameter in these functions makes them more permissive.
    • -Option names in io.read do not have a starting '*' anymore. -For compatibility, Lua will continue to accept (and ignore) this character. +The options "setpause" and "setstepmul" +of the function collectgarbage are deprecated. +You should use the new option "incremental" to set them.
    • -The following functions were deprecated in the mathematical library: -atan2, cosh, sinh, tanh, pow, -frexp, and ldexp. -You can replace math.pow(x,y) with x^y; -you can replace math.atan2 with math.atan, -which now accepts one or two parameters; -you can replace math.ldexp(x,exp) with x * 2.0^exp. -For the other operations, -you can either use an external library or -implement them in Lua. -
      • - -
    • -The searcher for C loaders used by require -changed the way it handles versioned names. -Now, the version should come after the module name -(as is usual in most other tools). -For compatibility, that searcher still tries the old format -if it cannot find an open function according to the new style. -(Lua 5.2 already worked that way, -but it did not document the change.) -
      • - -
    • -The call collectgarbage("count") now returns only one result. -(You can compute that second result from the fractional part -of the first result.) +The function io.lines now returns four values, +instead of just one. +That can be a problem when it is used as the sole +argument to another function that has optional parameters, +such as in load(io.lines(filename, "L")). +To fix that issue, +you can wrap the call into parentheses, +to adjust its number of results to one.
    @@ -10768,37 +11734,54 @@ of the first result.) -

    8.3 – Changes in the API

    +

    8.3 – Incompatibilities in the API

    • -Continuation functions now receive as parameters what they needed -to get through lua_getctx, -so lua_getctx has been removed. -Adapt your code accordingly. +Full userdata now has an arbitrary number of associated user values. +Therefore, the functions lua_newuserdata, +lua_setuservalue, and lua_getuservalue were +replaced by lua_newuserdatauv, +lua_setiuservalue, and lua_getiuservalue, +which have an extra argument. + + +

      +For compatibility, the old names still work as macros assuming +one single user value. +Note, however, that userdata with zero user values +are more efficient memory-wise.

    • -Function lua_dump has an extra parameter, strip. -Use 0 as the value of this parameter to get the old behavior. +The function lua_resume has an extra parameter. +This out parameter returns the number of values on +the top of the stack that were yielded or returned by the coroutine. +(In previous versions, +those values were the entire stack.)
    • -Functions to inject/project unsigned integers -(lua_pushunsigned, lua_tounsigned, lua_tounsignedx, -luaL_checkunsigned, luaL_optunsigned) -were deprecated. -Use their signed equivalents with a type cast. +The function lua_version returns the version number, +instead of an address of the version number. +The Lua core should work correctly with libraries using their +own static copies of the same core, +so there is no need to check whether they are using the same +address space.
    • -Macros to project non-default integer types -(luaL_checkint, luaL_optint, luaL_checklong, luaL_optlong) -were deprecated. -Use their equivalent over lua_Integer with a type cast -(or, when possible, use lua_Integer in your code). +The constant LUA_ERRGCMM was removed. +Errors in finalizers are never propagated; +instead, they generate a warning. +
      • + +
    • +The options LUA_GCSETPAUSE and LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL +of the function lua_gc are deprecated. +You should use the new option LUA_GCINC to set them.
    @@ -10841,7 +11824,11 @@ and LiteralString, see §3.1.) for namelist in explist do block end | function funcname funcbody | local function Name funcbody | - local namelist [‘=’ explist] + local attnamelist [‘=’ explist] + + attnamelist ::= Name attrib {‘,’ Name attrib} + + attrib ::= [‘<’ Name ‘>’] retstat ::= return [explist] [‘;’] @@ -10897,13 +11884,12 @@ and LiteralString, see §3.1.) -

    Last update: -Mon May 30 13:11:08 BRT 2016 +Thu Jun 18 16:10:16 UTC 2020

    diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/osi-certified-72x60.png b/lua-5.4.0/doc/osi-certified-72x60.png similarity index 100% rename from lua-5.3.3/doc/osi-certified-72x60.png rename to lua-5.4.0/doc/osi-certified-72x60.png diff --git a/lua-5.3.3/doc/readme.html b/lua-5.4.0/doc/readme.html similarity index 75% rename from lua-5.3.3/doc/readme.html rename to lua-5.4.0/doc/readme.html index 6629304..eebd340 100644 --- a/lua-5.3.3/doc/readme.html +++ b/lua-5.4.0/doc/readme.html @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -Lua 5.3 readme +Lua 5.4 readme