This implements the parts of
https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3457.htm which were
adopted at the recent meeting in Brno.
Clang already implemented `__COUNTER__`, but needed some changes for
conformance. Specifically, we now diagnose when the macro is expanded
more than 2147483647 times. Additionally, we now give the expected
extension and pre-compat warnings for the feature.
To support testing the limits, this also adds a -cc1-only option,
`-finitial-counter-value=`, which lets you specify the initial value the
`__COUNTER__` macro should expand to.
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